Puppy Love Boosts Pet Care Industry

If it seems as though everyone you know added a family member with fur, feathers or fins during the pandemic, the data show that you’re right: There are currently five million more pets in the U.S. than there were in 2019, with about 4% more households now including pets, according to Morgan Stanley Research and findings by its proprietary survey and data arm AlphaWise. The third AlphaWise survey of pet owners in June, which included approximately 2,500 adults in the U.S., shows that “fur babies” have found a permanent place in the hearts, and spending habits, of consumers across the country and world.

That is good news for the pet industry, and there's more growth to come: Morgan Stanley predicts an 8% compound annual growth rate for the industry by 2030, which is one of the largest rates of return in any retail segment. That forecast is in line with estimates from spring 2021, based on the October 2020 survey, and we still expect pet services to lead that growth. However, analysts have lifted the longer-term estimates for pet products spending.

On the household level, Morgan Stanley predicts spending to increase to $1,320 per pet by 2025, while reaching $1,897 by 2030. That compares with the previous outlook for per-pet spending of $1,292 by 2025 and $1,909 by 2030.

“An outcome in line with this expectation would increase total spending in the industry by 134% over the next decade, from $118 billion in 2019 to $277 billion by 2030,” says Simeon Gutman, an equity analyst covering hardline, broadline and food retail at Morgan Stanley.

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NYU Launches Wild Animal Welfare Program

New York University has launched the Wild Animal Welfare Program, which will conduct research and host events that examine the impact of human activity and environmental change on the well-being of wild animals.

“The world contains a vast number and a wide diversity of wild animals,” says Becca Franks, a professor in NYU’s Department of Environmental Studies and co-director of the program. “Mammals, birds, fishes, molluscs, and many other animals live in complex, dynamic ecosystems. Human activity is increasingly impacting these ecosystems, along with all the animals within them. These realities raise important questions about wild animal welfare.”

“Most animal welfare research and policy focuses on domesticated animals, not wild animals,” adds Jeff Sebo, a professor in NYU’s Department of Environmental Studies and co-director of the program. “And most environmental research and policy focuses on species and ecosystems, not individuals. Yet the needs of individual wild animals are different from the needs of individual domesticated animals, as well as from the needs of species and ecosystems.”

Improving wild animal well-being, the co-directors observe, is difficult due, in part, to the complexity of natural systems and our limited knowledge. The NYU Wild Animal Welfare Program seeks to advance understanding about what wild animals are like, how humans and wild animals interact, and how humans can improve our interactions with wild animals.

In pursuing these aims, the program will conduct research in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, as well as outreach to academics, advocates, policymakers, and the public. Its team will also include Arthur Caplan, director of the Division of Medical Ethics at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, and Danielle Spiegel-Feld, executive director of the Guarini Center on Environmental, Energy and Land Use Law at NYU School of Law.

“Trillions of wild animals suffer each year due to farming, fishing, deforestation, development, and other human activities, as well as rising temperatures, ocean acidification, extreme weather, ecosystem collapse, and other effects of human activities,” notes Sebo. “And of course, many wild animals also suffer due to illness, injury, and other natural causes, even when their habitats are well-preserved. Learning more about these issues will guide us toward policies that can be good for humans and wild animals at the same time.”

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How to Report on Animal Research Fairly and Transparently

Almost everything we know about biology we’ve learned from observing animals as biological systems. We keep them in cages, study their behavior, and, in many cases, analyze their tissues after they die. But animal research is a fraught topic within the scientific community and in the public sphere. Those who support animal research to solve problems affecting both human and animal health hold a variety of complicated, often strong beliefs. Supporters may diverge on how much and what kinds of animal research should be allowed—meaning what amount of oversight, regulation, and restriction should be involved, as well as what animals, experiments, and procedures are appropriate for certain questions. Many people who do support animal research to some extent may still have moral qualms.

On the extreme opposite end of the spectrum, some people and organizations are fundamentally opposed to animal research for any reason, under any circumstance. These organizations have historically led to direct harm, as well as serious threats of harm, against the people who do research on animals. “Scientists that work with animals have targets on their backs,” says Science editor David Grimm, who often covers animal research.

These very real threats have created an environment in which many animal researchers are reluctant to publicly share details about their work. This not only makes it difficult for journalists to cover stories that involve animal research but also ensures that extreme viewpoints are overrepresented in the media and in public discourse. Altogether, the situation deprives the public of opportunities to understand the nuances of biomedical research and contextualize science that affects their lives.

Reporting on this thorny subject requires journalistic rigor and compassion, sensitivity toward sources, and emphasis on the larger goals behind the research. But the extra effort will pay off in making your stories on animal research more nuanced and compelling.

Acknowledging a Complicated History

Nearly all biomedical advances are products of animal research. Without animal testing, including in nonhuman primates, we wouldn’t have deep brain stimulation treatments for Parkinson’s disease or vaccines against COVID-19. But research that aims to advance human health sometimes involves harming or killing animals.

In the U.S., the federal government began regulating animal welfare in the 1960s—millennia after animal testing was first documented. In 1966, Congress passed the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act, the first federal law regulating animal research by setting requirements for veterinary care and living conditions for certain lab animals. The law names dogs, cats, nonhuman primates, guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits, but excludes rats, mice, and birds, which comprise 95 percent of nonhuman research animals that are counted in such statistics (which often exclude some widely used invertebrates such as fruit flies).* The Public Health Service (PHS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC), as well as institution-specific self-regulatory bodies, cover animal-use protocols and research-animal breeding and testing.

Despite strict regulations governing the handling of animals used in research, some organizations, such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), White Coat Waste, and the Animal Justice Project, continue to oppose animal research as a whole.

Anti-animal-research campaigns have taken many forms. While some organizations focus their efforts on outreach, government advocacy, and direct care for animals, others traffic in misinformation and sometimes even vandalism, harassment, or violence. Many of these groups often dominate the public narrative despite frequently promoting false and unproven claims. PETA has equated animal research with issues like human trafficking and rape, and some groups, such as White Coat Waste, claim that government-funded animal research is a waste of taxpayer money. In one of several similar attacks in the late 2000s, animal rights extremists targeted animal researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, protesting outside their homes, sending death threats, and firebombing the car of neurobiologist David Jentsch, whose research on drug addiction at UCLA involved vervet monkeys. (Acts of violence in the name of animal rights are relatively uncommon, and other groups advocate for animal rights in more measured ways. For example, the Humane Society of the United States, the largest animal rights organization in the U.S., directs most of its efforts into political action and direct care for animals.)

In part because of the unethical approaches some activist groups have taken, researchers and institutions engaged in animal research tend to be wary of talking publicly about their work. “There are people who don’t want to speak at all about their science,” says Michele Basso, director of the Washington National Primate Research Center in Seattle. “They hide it, frankly, because they’re scared.”

This creates a catch-22: Many animal researchers are afraid to speak openly about their research, in part because they don’t think the public will understand; but no one will understand until they speak openly. “It’s understandable that the public feels like institutions are hiding something,” says Amanda Dettmer, senior editor at Speaking of Research, an animal-research advocacy organization. But, she says, “it’s also understandable that research institutions are once bitten, twice shy.”

Research-advocacy organizations like Americans for Medical Progress (AMP) and Understanding Animal Research encourage scientists to be proactively transparent about their work and push back against misinformation. Jim Newman, communications director at AMP, explains, “If you do this hard work to educate the public, then, even in difficult times, it’s easier for them to understand what you do and why.” After being attacked, UCLA’s Jentsch became a vocal pro-research advocate, realizing that “being open was the antidote to the harassment I was receiving.”

The public information officers (PIOs) I spoke with also emphasize to researchers that being up-front and presenting information about animal research in a neutral, accurate way is in everyone’s interest. It’s important for researchers to be frank and transparent about delicate matters such as euthanasia, they say, because the truth is almost always less sensational than the messaging from anti-animal-research groups.

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Protecting Animal Welfare during Drug Development

Biomedical research seeks to understand human physiology and disease risk, as well as myriad biological processes in humans—from the genetic level on up. Biomedical research also informs drug development. Especially valuable findings may emerge from in vivo human studies. However, relying exclusively on human in vivo studies is neither morally ethical nor scientifically feasible. Often, scientists must turn to animal models. Drugs used to treat Alzheimer’s, cancer, diabetes, hepatitis B and C, HIV infection, Parkinson’s disease, leukemia, and various mental health conditions would not be available without animal research.1 This is only a shortlist. Indeed, 83% of Nobel Prizes awarded for “Outstanding Contributions to Medicine” since the award’s inception have involved using animals for research.

Mice, rats, minipigs, dogs, and nonhuman primates are some of the animals that play invaluable roles in developing drugs that support human health and well-being. Research that relies on animal studies has contributed to countless medical breakthroughs, and as technology and scientific knowledge stands today, the reliance on animal studies will not end soon. Nonetheless, scientists are increasingly concerned about animal welfare. They are looking for ways to continue their research while supporting a commitment to refining, reducing, and replacing animals in research.

Species selection 101

Regulatory guidelines typically require one rodent and one nonrodent species when testing drug candidates. However, these guidelines often accommodate exceptions. (For example, large molecule biotherapeutic candidates may be capable of engaging relevant targets in nonhuman primate models, but not in ordinary rodent models.) In any case, the species suitable for any given study will depend on several factors.


Investigators lean on drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic characteristics to determine which animal species to use. These (mostly) in vitro investigations try to identify similarities in reactions to test materials at the cellular level. For example, if compound X produces metabolite Y in a human being, it is essential to know which animal species produce the same metabolite.

Other critical dosing information is also derived from in vitro testing. For example, investigators need to know if biological mechanisms within certain species could potentially inhibit or increase absorption, thereby increasing human safety and/or toxicological concerns.

Physiological characteristics also contribute to species selection. Scientists know that physiologically, skin and heart of minipigs are more like those of human beings than are those of other species, making minipigs the best choice for testing dermally applied compounds or cardiac drugs. Similarly, a nonhuman primate’s immune system is closer to a human’s immune system than is a minipig’s or canine’s immune system; thus, nonhuman primates are frequently used in testing drugs that act on the immune system.

The bottom line is that investigators are deliberate when conducting animal and human testing. They employ a step-by-step process that applies lessons learned during testing—whether it involves in vitro studies or Phase I trials. The idea is to develop refined versions of the original tests, and then to run them on test populations in subsequent testing phases.

Respectful animal research
Drug development continues to require animal research, but all researchers now realize the importance of prioritizing animal welfare. Refinement of animal experiments is where big differences in welfare can be easily made by all researchers.

Housing and handling of animals has changed significantly in the last two decades, and refinements are introduced every day. Housing animals together (that is, group housing) is the global standard, but enclosures should be constructed based on the needs of the species that are being housed. The construction (materials) and dimensions (design and arrangement) of the enclosures must allow natural movement and behavior; enclosures that are too small or stacked to maximize capacity are unacceptable and contrary to animal welfare guidelines.

Multilevel or stratified enclosures may provide more natural environments for nonhuman primates or rodents, but the same cannot be said for dogs or minipigs. Likewise, gridded flooring may be helpful for maintaining hygiene, but it discourages natural movement and is quite uncomfortable for most animals. Having solid floors lined with sawdust or other absorbent materials is one way to soften the environment and support animal welfare.

Similarly, training staff to handle test animals in ways that minimize discomfort during testing is paramount. Training the animals to cooperate with the technician for a scientific procedure leads to a less stressful experience for both the animal and the technician. Reducing the number of invasive procedures is another way to reduce animal stress and improve animal welfare.

Let’s say a laboratory needs to conduct an experiment that requires multiple blood samples (an invasive technique) to track a compound over time. Instead of inserting a needle every 30 minutes, a catheter is inserted to aid in withdrawing blood as often as needed. That means 1 needle stick instead of 10.

There are also analytical techniques today that were not previously available. Identifying and monitoring certain biomarkers provides a clearer picture of the minuscule changes happening inside the organism, but at far lower dose levels than would be needed for these changes to be found via histology or necropsy. Animal welfare technicians who work with the animals daily are also ideally placed to recognize subtle, seemingly insignificant changes that a research scientist or investigator might miss. And enriching feeding time by creating foraging scenarios or providing frozen fruit can offer test animals additional stimuli and promote their natural behavior.

Researching with care and compassion is not only ethical, but also good science. The reality is that poor conditions can significantly impact data quality due to their physiological effects on animals. For example, stress can change cortisol levels, impact white blood cell counts, and inhibit food consumption, which can affect weight and behavior. Add a drug candidate to that scenario, and it has a knock-on effect.

Data derived from unhappy, stressed, or poorly treated animals will be inherently skewed as it does not reflect that animal’s normal physiology. This can significantly impact absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination data and call into question any safety/toxicological testing based on that data.
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Ethical Animal Research? Scientist and Veterinarian Explain 4 R's of Care

A proposed measure in Switzerland would have made that country the first to ban medical and scientific experimentation on animals. It failed to pass in February 2022, with only 21 per cent of voters in favour. Yet globally, including in the United States, there is concern about whether animal research is ethical.

We are scientists who support ethical animal research that reduces suffering of humans and animals alike by helping researchers discover the causes of disease and how to treat it.

One of us is a neuroscientist who studies behavioral treatments and medications for people with post-traumatic stress disorder - treatments made possible by research with dogs and rodents. The other is a veterinarian who cares for laboratory animals in research studies and trains researchers on how to interact with their subjects.

We both place high importance on ensuring that animal research is conducted ethically and humanely. But what counts as "ethical" animal research in the first place?

There is no single standard definition of ethical animal research. However, it broadly means the humane care of research animals - from their acquisition and housing to the study experience itself.

Federal research agencies follow guiding principles in evaluating the use and care of animals in research. One is that the research must increase knowledge and, either directly or indirectly, have the potential to benefit the health and welfare of humans and other animals.

Researchers must use procedures that minimize pain and distress and maximize the animals' welfare. They are also asked to consider whether they could use nonanimal alternatives instead, such as mathematical models or computer simulations.

These principles are summarized by the "3 R's" of animal research: reduction, refinement and replacement. The 3 R's encourage scientists to develop new techniques that allow them to replace animals with appropriate alternatives.

Since these guidelines were first disseminated in the early 1960s, new tools have helped to significantly decrease animal research. In fact, since 1985, the number of animals in research has been reduced by half.

A fourth "R" was formalized in the late 1990s: rehabilitation, referring to care for animals after their role in research is complete.

These guidelines are designed to ensure that researchers and regulators consider the costs and benefits of using animals in research, focused on the good it could provide for many more animals and humans.

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Study to look at separation anxiety in dogs

Some dogs become stressed when they are left on their own and may display unwanted and sometimes destructive behaviours as a result. Separation anxiety can develop in dogs for a number of reasons and owner’s staying at home more during the pandemic is thought to have exacerbated the issue.

Participation in the research would involve dog owners having a diffuser type device in their home for up to eight weeks, with a researcher visiting every fortnight to carry out in-house observations.

Ilana Kelland, Specialist Technician in the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, who is leading the study, said: "Some dogs can find being left on their own an overwhelming and stressful experience. Our study is hoping to find out if the pheromone diffuser being used in a home environment can ease separation anxiety in dogs."

Stephanie Miller, who is participating in the study with her dog, Cyril, added: "I jumped at the chance to take part in the study as Cyril has had separation anxiety since he was a puppy. Although I have tried lots of things to help him he can't be left alone as he gets very distressed.

"The researchers have clearly explained every step of the study and we’ve enjoyed taking part in the research project. It's also a great opportunity to be involved in research that could potentially help other dogs and their owners too."

To be eligible to take part in the study, dogs and their owners should be:Dog must be over the age of 18 months
Live in a single dog household
Dog owner should be able and willing to leave their dog alone in one room in the house for a 20-minute separation test
Live in a home environment without the presence of any calming pheromones or supplements
Must have owned their dog for over a year
Dog is clinically healthy
Dog is not receiving pharmacological treatment with psychoactive drugs
Female dogs must not be in season or pregnant

By taking part in the research study, participants will receive up to £80 for their time (£10 per week). Participants will have the right to withdraw from the study at any point.

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Dogs get teary eyed when reunited with owners

A wagging tail, soft and relaxed eyes, slurpy licks, and a body wiggle to show the belly may be some telltale signs of a happy dog. But now new research, published in the journal Current Biology, suggests that dogs can also cry happy tears when they meet their owners.

“Tear volume (in dogs) increased significantly during reunion with the owner, but not with a familiar non-owner,” the researchers said.

The research team used the Schirmer Tear Test (STT), which reveals the amount of watery tear production in each eye, to arrive at their results.

First tear volume of 18 dogs was measured using the STT in their normal home environment with the owner. The same test was conducted on dogs within the first five minutes of their owners after a separation of five to seven hours. Tear volume for reunion with familiar non-owners was also measured.

“Following separation from the owner in the dogs’ day care centres, dogs secreted larger tear volumes during reunions with their owners than with familiar non-owners, and tear volume during reunion with the owner was significantly greater than the baseline tear volume,” the study noted.

This welling-up of the eyes is attributed to the “bonding hormone” oxytocin.

The research team has also hypothesized that teary-eyed dogs might receive better care from their human owners.

However, it is not yet known if dogs produce tears when they experience negative emotions. Further, the team also did not look at whether dogs make tears when they get back together with other dogs.

The authors of the study, meanwhile, said that this is “the first report on positive emotion stimulating tear secretion in a non-human animal”, adding that no previous studies have “investigated the relationship between emotional arousal and tear volume in animals”.

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Spotlights in AVMA Journals Showcase Purdue Veterinary Education and Research

As part of a series of feature articles, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) is highlighting education and research at the Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine in articles published recently in JAVMA (Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association) and AJVR (American Journal of Veterinary Research). The journals introduced “Spotlight” in July as a new regular feature that each month highlights several colleges of veterinary medicine accredited by the Council on Education. Purdue Veterinary Medicine was chosen to be featured in the March 2023 issues of the two journals.

The article on Purdue veterinary education in JAVMA carries the subtitle, “Purdue’s Legacy of Leading in Graduating Career Ready Veterinarians.” It explains that graduating practice-ready veterinarians who have the foundation to pursue any veterinary career path they choose, is a hallmark of the college. The article goes on to detail how, with advanced technology, new and innovative approaches to learning, and state-of-the-art facilities, that trait is stronger now than ever.

The spotlight feature on the college’s animal health research published in AJVR is subtitled, “Purdue’s Comparative Approach to Advancing Animal Health.” The article emphasizes that, “since its opening in 1959, the college has built an enduring legacy of research that seeks to improve the understanding and treatment of animal diseases while also advancing human medicine.” The feature then gives examples of the college’s areas of research, including comparative oncology and equine sports medicine.

The Spotlight series articles are written by authors at each college, working with an editorial team. The Purdue articles were written by Kevin Doerr, director of public affairs and communications, who worked with the editorial committee of Dr. S. Kathleen Salisbury, associate dean for academic affairs; Dr. Harm HogenEsch, associate dean for research; Dr. Sandra San Miguel, associate dean for engagement; and Dean Willie Reed. The articles had to meet strict manuscript standards, including limits on word counts and images, in order to be accepted for publication.

Click here to view the article in JAVMA. Click here to view the AJVR article. The Spotlight feature series is one of a number of innovations and changes that have been implemented in the journals by Dr. Lisa Fortier, editor-in-chief of JAVMA and AJVR and AVMA division director of publications. Dr. Fortier said the idea behind the series is to give all of the colleges the opportunity to share their innovations in the clinical preparation of the next generation of veterinarians, as well as their novel research programs that are significantly impacting animal health or welfare. The journals now boast circulation to over 100,000 readers.

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One Medicine: how human and veterinary medicine can benefit each other

Please can you introduce yourself, tell us about your professional background, and your role at Humanimal Trust?

I graduated in 1995 and then studied for a postgraduate degree in veterinary microbiology at the Royal Veterinary College (University of London). In 1996, I moved to the government's Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) to undertake a Ph.D. on the pathogenesis of E. coli in poultry. Upon completing my Ph.D. studies, I commenced a post-doctoral position at Royal Holloway, University of London, studying E. coli virulence factors and vaccine development.

Since 2001, my work has focused largely on understanding the pathogenesis of zoonotic bacterial pathogens to develop control strategies. I have led several commercial, Defra, research councils (BBSRC, MRC, EPSRC, AHRC, Innovate) and EU projects in this area.

My current research interests focus on the pathogenesis of food-borne pathogens with a particular interest in Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and the development of intervention strategies, including vaccines, rapid diagnostic, pre, and probiotics. I have published over 190 papers in the area of host-microbe interaction, with a particular emphasis on E. coli, Salmonella, vaccines, probiotics, and AMR.

In 2005, I was appointed Head of Pathogenesis and Control at the AHVLA, and in 2010, I was appointed Professor of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology at the University of Surrey. I gained the FRCPath in 2010, and in 2012, I was appointed the Associate Dean for Veterinary Strategy in the new School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Surrey. In 2014, I was appointed to the position of Head of the Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases and Director of the Veterinary Pathology Centre. In 2019 I was appointed Deputy Head of the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Surrey, and then in 2021, I was appointed Head of the School of Biosciences and Medicine.

I am the past president of the Med-Vet-Net Association and the Veterinary Research Club, the current Chair of Humanimal Trust, a member of the FSA ACMSF AMR sub-committee, a Trustee of the Houghton Trust, a member of the APHA Science Advisory Board and Chair of the Royal College of Pathologists Veterinary Pathology SAC. I am an Associate member of the European College of Veterinary Microbiology, and in 2020, I was awarded an Honorary Associateship of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.

Humanimal Trust is a unique organization. Please could you tell us about the organization’s origin, purpose, and values?


Humanimal Trust is the only organization in the UK with the sole and specific purpose of progressing One Medicine.

It was founded in May 2014 by world-renowned orthopedic-neuro veterinary surgeon Professor Noel Fitzpatrick - otherwise known as the TV Supervet. As a vet, Noel Fitzpatrick experienced personally the deep divide between human and animal medicine and saw how unfair this was.


Frustrated by the lack of opportunities to share what he was learning from veterinary practice or to benefit from relevant learning from human medicine, he decided to create the platform himself. This laid the foundations for the work Humanimal Trust does today, removing barriers and seeking to close the divide between human and animal medicine.

Our five areas of work spell out I-CARE, which sums up the way we feel, our supporters feel, and we hope everybody will one day feel about One Medicine:Influence – we care about bringing together everyone who cares about One Medicine to create a road map for change in public policy, education, and at the clinical coalface.
Collaboration – we care about creating opportunities for human and veterinary professionals and students to learn from one another (in person and virtually) by demonstrating One Medicine at work.
Awareness - we care that people should know and understand the benefits of One Medicine for humans and animals, about non-animal alternatives to laboratory models, and how much human and animal medicine can learn from one another’s clinical practice – saving time, money, and lives.
Research – we care about research – funding it, facilitating it, shouting about it – that could benefit humans and animals without using laboratory animal models.
Education – we care about learning – every child learning about the connections between humans and animals; veterinary and human medical students learning with and from one another; practitioners learning continuously from their peers.
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Cow Urine Unsuitable For Human Consumption, Contains At Least 14 Types Of Harmful Bacteria: Veterinary Research Body

Cow urine, which several people believe possesses miraculous properties, is unsuitable for direct human consumption, new research suggests. This is because it contains potentially harmful bacteria. The study describing the findings was conducted by the Bareilly-based ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI). This is India’s premier animal research body.

According to the new study, published in the online research website ResearchGate, buffalo urine is more effective on certain bacteria.

Some of the bacteria found in cow urine

Urine samples from healthy cows and bulls contained at least 14 types of harmful bacteria, an IANS report said, citing the study. These bacteria include Escherichia coli, a gram-negative bacteria which can cause diarrhoea, stomach pain, nausea and vomiting.

Quoting Bhoj Raj Singh, the lead researcher, the report said that statistical analysis of 73 urine samples of cows, buffaloes and humans suggests that antibacterial activity in buffalo urine was far more superior than that of cow urine. He explained that buffalo urine was significantly more effective on bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Erwinia rhapontici.Staphylococcus epidermidis can cause nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain, and result in bone infections. Erwinia rhapontici is a plant pathogen.

Singh said that the researchers collected urine samples of three types of cows: Sahiwal, Tharparkar and Vrindavani. 

According to the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH), Vrindavani is a composite breed developed by crossbreeding taurine dairy breeds with native indicine cattle, or humped cattle.

The study was conducted between June and November 2022. The findings indicate that a sizable proportion of urine samples from apparently healthy individuals carry potentially pathogenic bacteria. 

Singh also said that in no case can urine be recommended for human consumption, and that the team is conducting further research on whether distilled urine contains infectious bacteria, as claimed by some people.

Many Indian market suppliers sell cow urine without the FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) trademark.

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Cow urine not safe for humans, contains harmful bacteria: India's top Animal research institute

India's premier animal research body, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), has said that the Cow urine is not suitable for human consumption as it contains harmful bacteria

As per a TOI report, the study was conducted by Bareilly-based ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI). The urine samples of cows and bulls found at least 14 types of harmful bacteria, including Escherichia coli bacterium, commonly associated with stomach infections in humans.

The peer-reviewed study, led by Bhoj Raj Singh along with three PhD students, has been published in online research website, Researchgate. “Statistical analysis of 73 urine samples of cows, buffaloes, and humans suggest that antibacterial activity in buffalo urine was far more superior than cows. The urine of buffalo was significantly more effective on bacteria like S Epidermidis and E Rhapontici,” Bhoj Raj told TOI.

Conflicting the common belief, Bhoj said it cannot be generalised that cow urine has anti-bacterial properties. "The common belief, that cow urine is antibacterial, can’t be generalised. In no case can urine be recommended for human consumption. Some people say that distilled urine doesn’t have infectious bacteria. We are carrying further research on it,” he added.

The cow urine is easily available sold in the Indian market, including on e-commerce websites, without the food safety and standards authority of India (FSSAI) trademark.

Meanwhile, former director of IVRI, RS Chauhan, told TOI: “I have been researching cow urine for 25 years and we have found that distilled cow urine improves immunity of humans and helps against cancer and Covid. This particular research was not done on distilled urine samples which we recommend people to actually consume."

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