Bulldog

Bulldog, also called English Bulldog, breed of dog developed centuries ago in England for use in fighting bulls (bullbaiting). Characteristically powerful and courageous, often vicious, and to a great extent unaware of pain, the Bulldog nearly disappeared when dogfighting was outlawed in 1835. Fanciers of the breed, however, saved it and bred out its ferocity. Nicknamed the “sourmug,” the Bulldog is a stocky dog that moves with a rolling gait. It has a large head, folded ears, a short muzzle, a protruding lower jaw, and loose skin that forms wrinkles on the head and face. See also French Bulldog.

The Bulldog has a short fine coat that is coloured tan, white, reddish brown, brindle, or piebald. It stands 13 to 15 inches (33 to 38 cm) tall at the withers and weighs 40 to 50 pounds (18 to 23 kg). Typically gentle and reliable, it is placed in the nonsporting group of the American Kennel Club, which officially recognized the breed in 1886. Several other breeds are known colloquially as Bulldogs, including various pit bull varieties, the French Bulldog, and the American Bulldog.

Care and upkeep

Bulldogs require more care than most breeds. They are prone to more health problems than most breeds due to their short muzzle and flattened facial structure. Bulldogs are prone to overheating, especially in warm environments and under circumstances where they can overexert themselves. The Bulldog’s shortened muzzle makes the breed especially prone to brachycephalic syndrome—a condition in which the nostril openings (nares) are too small, the soft palate is elongated, and tissue in the airway may partially obstruct airflow. When the dog pants, these tissues can swell, further obstructing airflow and reducing the dog’s ability to cool itself. To prevent overheating, Bulldog owners should provide air conditioning in the home and car and travel with fans and ice packs in summer in case of a vehicle breakdown. 

Extra care must also be taken when placing Bulldogs under anesthesia. Unlike other breeds, Bulldogs are unable to maintain passive respiration, so other measures must be used, such as stimulating the Bulldog’s upper airway muscles, to maintain the animal’s breathing rate. Bulldogs should be monitored near open water, since most Bulldogs cannot swim, and they can drown easily.

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Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, breed of toy dog developed from the English Toy Spaniel in the early 1900s. The English Toy Spaniel (also called the King Charles Spaniel), in turn, originated in England in the 1600s, probably from mixes of small spaniels with toy breeds from Asia. By the early 20th century, the English Toy Spaniel had so deviated from its longer-muzzled ancestors that a wealthy fancier offered prize money for the dog that most resembled the earlier King Charles Spaniels. Various breeders competed, and in 1945 these larger old-style dogs became recognized by the Kennel Club in England as the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. It soon became one of the most popular breeds in England and, much later, North America.

The Cavalier is a solidly built spaniel-like dog, slightly longer than tall, with drop ears and a long tail. It stands 12 to 13 inches (30 to 33 cm) tall at the withers and weighs 13 to 18 pounds (6 to 8 kg). The silky coat may have a slight wave; it is medium in length. Long feathering on the feet is a breed characteristic and is left uncut for the show ring. The tail can be docked. The muzzle is not flat, and its sides are well padded. The dog’s expression is gentle and sweet. The Cavalier comes in four colour patterns: the most common, Bleinheim (red and white); ruby (solid red); black and tan; and tricolour (black and white with tan markings). 

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Husky

Husky is a general term for a dog used in the polar regions, primarily and specifically for work as sled dogs. It refers to a traditional northern type, notable for its cold-weather tolerance and overall hardiness. Modern racing huskies that maintain arctic breed traits (also known as Alaskan huskies) represent an ever-changing crossbreed of the fastest dogs.

Huskies have continued to be used in sled-dog racing, as well as expedition and trek style tour businesses, and as a means of essential transportation in rural communities. Huskies are also kept as pets, and groups work to find new pet homes for retired racing and adventure-trekking dogs.

History

Nearly all dogs' genetic closeness to the gray wolf is due to admixture. However, several Arctic breeds also show a genetic closeness with the now-extinct Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture: the Siberian Husky and Greenland Dog (which are also historically associated with Arctic human populations) and to a lesser extent, the Shar Pei and Finnish Spitz. An admixture graph of the Greenland Dog indicates a best-fit of 3.5% shared material; however, an ancestry proportion ranging between 1.4% and 27.3% is consistent with the data and indicates admixture between the Taimyr wolf and the ancestors of these four high-latitude breeds.

This introgression could have provided early dogs living in high latitudes with phenotypic variation beneficial for adaption to a new and challenging environment, contributing significantly to the development of the husky. It also indicates that the ancestry of present-day dog breeds descends from more than one region.

Usage of the word Husky

The term "husky" first came into usage in the mid to late 1700s. At this time, "Esquimaux" or "Eskimo" was a common term for pre-Columbian Arctic inhabitants of North America. Several dialectal permutations were in use including Uskee, Uskimay and Huskemaw. Thus, dogs used by Arctic people were the dogs of the Huskies, the Huskie's dogs, and eventually simply the husky dogs. Canadian and American settlers, not well versed on Russian geography, would later extend the word to Chukotka sled dogs imported from Russia, thus giving rise to the term Siberian husky.

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Cattle

Cattle (Bos taurus) are large, domesticated, cloven-hooved, herbivores. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus Bos. Adult females are referred to as cows and adult males are referred to as bulls.

Cattle are commonly raised as livestock for meat (beef or veal, see beef cattle), for milk (see dairy cattle), and for hides, which are used to make leather. They are used as riding animals and draft animals (oxen or bullocks, which pull carts, plows and other implements). Another product of cattle is their dung, which can be used to create manure or fuel. In some regions, such as parts of India, cattle have significant religious significance. Cattle, mostly small breeds such as the Miniature Zebu, are also kept as pets.

Different types of cattle are common to different geographic areas. Taurine cattle are found primarily in Europe and temperate areas of Asia, the Americas, and Australia. Zebus (also called indicine cattle) are found primarily in India and tropical areas of Asia, America, and Australia. Sanga cattle are found primarily in sub-Saharan Africa. These types (which are sometimes classified as separate species or subspecies) are further divided into over 1,000 recognized breeds.

Around 10,500 years ago, taurine cattle were domesticated from as few as 80 wild aurochs progenitors in central Anatolia, the Levant and Western Iran. A separate domestication event occurred in the Indian subcontinent, which gave rise to zebu. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), there are approximately 1.5 billion cattle in the world as of 2018. Cattle are the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock, and are responsible for around 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In 2009, cattle became one of the first livestock animals to have a fully mapped genome.

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Dobermann

The Dobermann (/ˈdoʊbərmən/; German pronunciation: [ˈdoːbɐman]), or Doberman Pinscher in the United States and Canada, is a medium-large breed of domestic dog that was originally developed around 1890 by Louis Dobermann, a tax collector from Germany. The Dobermann has a long muzzle. It stands on its pads and is not usually heavy-footed. Ideally, they have an even and graceful gait. Traditionally, the ears are cropped and posted and the tail is docked. However, in some countries, these procedures are now illegal and it is often considered cruel and unnecessary. Dobermanns have markings on the chest, paws/legs, muzzle, above the eyes, and underneath the tail.

Appearance

World breed standards are published by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, or FCI (World Canine Organisation), on the advice of the IDC (International Dobermann Club), which is the Dobermann breed's governing council and has 36 countries in its member list. To become a world champion, dogs are judged to FCI standards. The AKC has its own standards, as do some other countries, although most still adhere to FCI standards. The breed standard describes the Dobermann as a dog of medium size that is also strong and muscularly built. In order to be eligible to meet these standards, the body of the Dobermann should appear to be almost square. It should also appear elegant and noble.

Size and proportions

Although the breed standards vary among kennel and breed clubs, most follow the standard set by the FCI, which describes the size of male dogs as 68 to 72 centimetres (27 to 28 in) at the withers; The Kennel Club in the UK quotes 69 centimetres (27 in) as being ideal. The size of female dogs, according to the same standards, is 63 to 68 centimetres (25 to 27 in), with 65 centimetres (26 in) being ideal. The Dobermann has a square frame; its length should equal its height to the withers and the length of its head, neck, and legs should be in proportion to its body.

The standards for the weight of the Dobermann are also described by the FCI. The ideal dog must be of a sufficient size for an optimal combination of strength, endurance and agility. The ideal weight of male dogs is described as 40–45 kilograms (88–99 lb) and the ideal weight of female dogs is described to be 32–35 kilograms (71–77 lb).

Color

Two different color genes exist in the Dobermann: one for black (B) and one for color dilution (D). There are nine possible combinations of these alleles, which can result in four different color phenotypes: black, blue, red, and fawn (Isabella). The traditional and most common color occurs when both the color and dilution genes have at least one dominant allele (i.e., BBDD, BBDd, BbDD or BbDd) and is commonly referred to as black, black and rust, or black and tan. The red, red rust, or brown coloration occurs when the black gene has two recessive alleles but the dilution gene has at least one dominant allele (i.e., bbDD, bbDd). The blue Dobermann has the color gene with at least one dominant allele and the dilution gene with both recessive alleles (i.e., BBdd or Bbdd). The fawn coloration is the least common, occurring only when both the color and dilution genes have two recessive alleles (i.e., bbdd). Thus, the blue color is a diluted black, and the fawn color is a diluted red.

Expression of the color dilution gene is a disorder called Color Dilution Alopecia, a kind of canine follicular dysplasia. Although not life-threatening, these dogs can develop skin problems.

In 1976, a "white" Doberman Pinscher was whelped and was subsequently bred to her son, who was also bred to his litter sisters. This tight inbreeding continued for some time to allow the breeders to "fix" the mutation. This severe inbreeding not only intensified the production of "white" dogs, it also amplified their health problems. White Dobermans are not recognized within professional breeders and continue to be reproduced by unethical breeders marketing them as rare in order to charge more for an animal that would never win a show competition. The white colored Doberman is prone to suffer long term medical conditions ranging from: poor hearing or complete deafness, poor vision or complete blindness, behavioral/temperament issues, cancers (predominately skin cancer), amongst others. White/Albino Dobermanns are actually a cream color with white markings, blue eyes, and pink nose. Although this is consistent with albinism, the proper characterization of the mutation is currently unknown. The animals are commonly known as tyrosinase-positive albinoids, lacking melanin in oculocutaneous structures. This condition is caused by a partial deletion in the SLC45A2 gene.

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Pets and anesthesia

Many veterinary procedures require your pet to be put under anesthesia so that it will not feel pain and will remain still. Like any medical procedure, anesthesia does have risks, but most healthy animals, including older pets, don’t have any issues and recover rather quickly.

How do I know if anesthesia is safe for my pet?

A thorough history of current and past medical problems can provide valuable information about your pet’s physical condition when planning an anesthetic procedure. Your veterinarian will also perform a physical examination and may recommend additional testing to ensure anesthesia is safe for your pet.

You should communicate any concerns about your pet’s health to your veterinarian prior to scheduling surgery. Any signs of exercise intolerance, weight loss, a recent change in urination or defecation, and mental alertness are particularly informative and may require further diagnostic workup.

A physical examination may reveal abnormalities of the heart or lungs that could require further evaluation with an electrocardiogram (ECG), chest X-ray, or heart ultrasound prior to performing general anesthesia.

Many anesthetic drugs affect blood flow to major organs and are inactivated by the liver, so your veterinarian may evaluate a blood sample for anemia and for kidney and liver function prior to deciding which anesthetic technique to use.

Can I give my pet food or water before anesthesia?

You should withhold all food from pets scheduled for elective surgery for at least 12 hours prior to arriving at your veterinarian’s clinic. The presence of food in a pet’s stomach will increase the likelihood of aspiration of food into the lungs should your pet vomit during induction of general anesthesia. Water is not usually withheld but check with your veterinarian.

How is my pet monitored while under anesthesia?

Close monitoring of vital signs such as blood pressure and heart and respiratory rates during anesthesia allows for early recognition and correction of problems.

An animal’s depth of anesthesia is determined by evaluating reflexes, muscle tone, and response of vital signs to surgical stimulation. If an animal is judged to be too light for the surgical procedure being performed, an increased amount of anesthetic is administered. Conversely, if the patient is judged to be in an excessively deep plane of anesthesia, the amount of anesthetic administered is decreased.

Is anesthesia dangerous for pets?

Some think of general anesthesia as a relaxing sleep, but it is probably more accurate to compare it to a period of very strenuous exercise. Just as young, healthy animals are more able to exercise vigorously, they can better tolerate the depression in heart function caused by general anesthesia because they have such great cardiovascular reserve. Older or debilitated animals have less cardiovascular reserve and may have less tolerance for general anesthesia. Older or debilitated animals often recover from general anesthesia and surgery more slowly than young patients.

How long will it take for my pet to recover from anesthesia?

After general anesthesia, animals are likely to be affected by the anesthetic drugs for several days. An animal may exhibit behavioral changes for a few days and act as if it does not recognize familiar surroundings, people, or other animals. Behavioral changes after general anesthesia are extremely common and usually resolve within a few days.

Do not leave young children unattended with an animal that has just recovered from general anesthesia no matter how trustworthy the animal normally is. There are reports of normally well-behaved dogs returning home after surgery and anesthesia and biting young children for no apparent reason.

A pet’s ability to control its body temperature may be affected during the recovery period. For the first few days after general anesthesia, it is recommended to keep your pet in a warm, though not overly hot room. Cold weather breeds such as malamutes and huskies tend to retain heat easily and a cooler environment may be more appropriate for these breeds.

Obese animals often have delayed recoveries. Most general anesthetics are very fat-soluble, so the greater the amount of body fat and the longer the animal is anesthetized, the greater amount of anesthetic agent that will be absorbed into body fat. Anesthetic taken up by body fat will leach back into an animal’s blood for days or even weeks after anesthesia. This low residual amount of anesthetic may continue to affect an animal’s behavior for several days.

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Anesthesia | Veterinary

The safety and comfort of your animal are always our top priorities. Our team of anesthesiologists and anesthesia technicians trained by board-certified specialists provides anesthesia and pain management tailored to each patient — large and small. Before, during, and after your animal’s procedure, our team works closely with hospital surgeons and integrative medicine specialists to provide the highest standard of care.

Advanced services we offer

• Anesthesia and pain management for large and small animals
• Injectable and inhalant anesthesia
• Local and regional anesthesia/analgesia
• Epidural injections and catheters
• Sedation for minor procedures in high-risk patients
• Management of difficult airways
• Mechanical ventilation
• Blood component therapy
• Use of advanced monitoring, such as end tidal agent, arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gases, and capnography

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 Veterinarian

A veterinarian (vet) is a medical professional who practices veterinary medicine. They manage a wide range of health conditions and injuries in non-human animals. Along with this, veterinarians also play a role in animal reproduction, health management, conservation, husbandry and breeding and preventive medicine like nutrition, vaccination and parasitic control as well as biosecurity and zoonotic disease surveillance and prevention.

In many countries, the local nomenclature for a veterinarian is a regulated and protected term, meaning that members of the public without the prerequisite qualifications and/or license are not able to use the title. This title is selective in order to produce the most knowledgeable veterinarians that pass these qualifications. In many cases, the activities that may be undertaken by a veterinarian (such as treatment of illness or surgery in animals) are restricted only to those professionals who are registered as a veterinarian. For instance, in the United Kingdom, as in other jurisdictions, animal treatment may only be performed by registered veterinarians (with a few designated exceptions, such as paraveterinary workers), and it is illegal for any person who is not registered to call themselves a veterinarian, prescribe any drugs, or perform treatment.

Most veterinarians work in clinical settings, treating animals directly. These veterinarians may be involved in a general practice, treating animals of all types; they may be specialized in a specific group of animals such as companion animals, livestock, zoo animals or equines; or may specialize in a narrow medical discipline such as surgery, dermatology or internal medicine. As with other healthcare professionals, veterinarians face ethical decisions about the care of their patients. Current debates within the profession include the ethics of certain procedures believed to be purely cosmetic or unnecessary for behavioral issues, such as declawing of cats, docking of tails, cropping of ears and debarking on dogs.

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Animal welfare

Animal welfare is the well-being of non-human animals. Formal standards of animal welfare vary between contexts, but are debated mostly by animal welfare groups, legislators, and academics. Animal welfare science uses measures such as longevity, disease, immunosuppression, behavior, physiology, and reproduction, although there is debate about which of these best indicate animal welfare.

Respect for animal welfare is often based on the belief that nonhuman animals are sentient and that consideration should be given to their well-being or suffering, especially when they are under the care of humans. These concerns can include how animals are slaughtered for food, how they are used in scientific research, how they are kept (as pets, in zoos, farms, circuses, etc.), and how human activities affect the welfare and survival of wild species.

There are two forms of criticism of the concept of animal welfare, coming from diametrically opposite positions. One view, held by some thinkers in history, holds that humans have no duties of any kind to animals. The other view is based on the animal rights position that animals should not be regarded as property and any use of animals by humans is unacceptable. Accordingly, some animal rights proponents argue that the perception of better animal welfare facilitates continued and increased exploitation of animals. Some authorities therefore treat animal welfare and animal rights as two opposing positions. Others see animal welfare gains as incremental steps towards animal rights.

The predominant view of modern neuroscientists, notwithstanding philosophical problems with the definition of consciousness even in humans, is that consciousness exists in nonhuman animals. However, some still maintain that consciousness is a philosophical question that may never be scientifically resolved. Remarkably, a new study has managed to overcome some of the difficulties in testing this question empirically, and devised a unique way to dissociate conscious from nonconscious perception in animals. In this study conducted in rhesus monkeys, the researchers built experiments predicting completely opposite behavioral outcomes to consciously vs. non-consciously perceived stimuli. Strikingly, the monkeys' behaviors displayed these exact opposite signatures, just like aware and unaware humans tested in the study.

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Animal Husbandry

Animal Husbandry marks its starting from Neolithic revolution, around 13,000 BC. It is the occupation wherein animals are bread and feed. Hence it a day-to-day activity. Cattles, Sheep, Goats and Pigs were the first animals for domestication. Therefore, Milk, Eggs, Meat and  Fibre was benefits of raring animals.

Raring of chicken in the boiler is done for meat consumption. Dairy, Meat, Poultry, Aquaculture and Insects are some of the branches of Animal husbandry. Therefore, practising of this occupation is worldwide. Environmental Impact and Animal welfare are two effects of Animal husbandry.

Animal husbandry is also livestock of animals. Hence, livestock animals are herbivores like cattle or omnivores like the pig. During the agricultural revolution, sheep was large rared for its wool. people living in mountains usually rare sturdy animals like goats. Since they are easy to maintain and gives meat and milk along with other benefits.

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 Pathology Important

Why is Pathology Important

Pathology testing helps your vet make accurate decisions about the diagnosis and treatment of your pet.  This helps keep animals healthier for longer and avoid unnecessary delays in accessing the best possible treatment for their condition.  It also helps you find out how their treatment is working and it avoids your pet from suffering unnecessary side-effects from inappropriate treatments.

Veterinary pathology also plays an essential part in screening and disease prevention programmes which promote the overall health and wellbeing of our community.  By reducing the impact of preventable and treatable diseases in our pets, the pathology sector is helping to create a healthier future for all animals.

What is pathology?

Often a physical examination can only provide part of the picture of an illness and to gain a complete profile the veterinarian needs accurate, expert, specialist examination of what may be occurring in the blood or body cells.

A veterinary pathology laboratory has many specialised departments, each with a highly trained team of professional pathologists, scientists, technicians and computer experts supporting the specimen reception staff and couriers, who are all dedicated to providing fast accurate and reliable results. 

What happens at the laboratory?

Once specimens are collected from pets, they are entered into the computer with the pet’s details and sent to the laboratory for processing.  Often the same specimen, whether it is a sample of blood, urine, faeces or a piece of tissue such as skin, can have many different tests performed on it by one or more departments.  The different tests often require varying lengths of time to be completed because some involve very complex procedures.  When all of the results are available, the pathologists and scientists are able to interpret them and assist your veterinarian to obtain an accurate assessment of your pet’s health or disease.

Tests may include:

• Haematology – the testing of blood, blood cells and blood products.
• Biochemistry – screening tests to identify levels of substances in blood and body fluids.
• Microbiology – the study of bacteria and fungi in tissue, blood and body fluids.
• Histopathology/ cytology – the diagnosis of disease from examining tissue samples and cellular smears.
• Urinalysis – assesses the physical and chemical properties of urine. 

The different tests often require varying lengths of time to be completed because some involve very complex procedures. When all of the results are available, the pathologists and the scientists are able to interpret them and then assist your vet to obtain an accurate diagnosis.

So give your best friend the best opportunity for a long, happy and healthy life. Talk to your vet today about a preventative health program most appropriate for your pet, based on breed, medical history and lifestyle. 

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Animal Infectious Diseases 

Introduction

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Animals other than humans can suffer from diseases, or illnesses, just as humans do. People worry mainly about the diseases that affect animals used for food, the diseases that affect pets, and the diseases that can be spread from animals to people.

Like human diseases, animal diseases may be divided into two groups: infectious diseases and noninfectious diseases. Animal doctors, called veterinarians, can treat many of these diseases.

Infectious Diseases

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Infectious diseases can spread from one animal to another. These diseases are caused by particles called viruses and tiny living things—bacteria, protozoans, fungi, and worms.

One of the most feared animal diseases is rabies. Rabies attacks the brain. A virus found in the saliva of animals with rabies causes the disease. Rabies most often spreads through bites. People can catch rabies, too. However, a vaccine can protect people as well as animals from rabies.

Another virus causes Newcastle disease, which affects chickens, turkeys, and pet birds. The symptoms are like those of influenza, or flu. People can catch this disease from sick birds.

Tuberculosis, a disease caused by bacteria, affects cattle. The disease harms the lungs. Tuberculosis can be spread to people through cow’s milk. Because of this, milk is often heated in a process called pasteurization. This kills the bacteria before they can infect a person.

Mad cow disease is caused by a particle, or tiny piece, of protein called a prion. Mad cow disease affects the brains of cattle. Farmers kill cattle that are sick with mad cow disease to keep the disease from spreading. People can catch made cow disease by eating meat from sick cattle.

Heartworm is a serious disease of cats and dogs. A worm that infects the heart causes the disease. Medicines can prevent and treat heartworm.

Noninfectious Diseases

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Noninfectious diseases cannot be spread from one animal to another. Many of these diseases are similar to noninfectious diseases in humans. Cancer affects many older dogs, cats, and other animals. Pets and many wild animals can suffer from arteriosclerosis. This is a disease in which the blood vessels become blocked. Many animals can also develop cloudy growths, called cataracts, over their eyes.

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Veterinary science: Vocation for animal lovers

It is unlikely to be recommended by high-profile career counsellors. But for the growing community of compassionate animal lovers, in both urban and rural areas, going the Dr. Dolittle way could transform into a satisfying and rewarding career option.

Traits required to be a good vet

Interest in tending animals can be sparked at a young age, when a family pet is taken to a veterinarian or a vet visits the family farm. Individuals interested in veterinary medicine as a career path are expected to have enquiring minds, sensitivity, an interest in the biological sciences, and a love and understanding of animals. Professional veterinarians tend to work long and irregular hours in animal hospitals and clinics. Those in a large animal practice also work out of specially equipped trucks or cars and may drive considerable distances to farms and ranches. Inevitably, veterinarians have to be prepared to work outdoors in all kinds of weather.

Eligibility

To be admitted into an undergraduate study programme in the veterinary sciences, one should have completed 17 years of age by the month of December in the year of admission and the Plus Two or equivalent examination with English, physics, chemistry, and biology and any other elective subject, averaging at least 50 percent in the five subjects.

Each vet college prescribes different criteria for admission which could be based on academic merit (Plus Two averages) or performance in an entrance examination conducted by the college. Moreover most state governments conduct common entrance tests (like Maharashtra’s MHCET) for admission into government veterinary colleges. The Veterinary Council of India also conducts an all-India common entrance examination every May.

Courses in veterinary science

The bachelor of veterinary science and animal husbandry (BVSc and AH) course is of five years duration. The syllabus in the pre-clinical phase includes physics, chemistry, biology, anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and allied subjects; and animal husbandry, veterinary medicine and surgery, and veterinary hygiene and pathology in the clinical phase. Practical exposure to real life situations and field experience are inherent to the curriculum.

For higher studies in veterinary science, the Masters degree programme — MVSc (two years duration) offers several specialisation options: anatomy; animal nutrition; genetics and animal breeding; animal reproduction; microbiology; parasitology; pathology; pharmacology; physiology and biochemistry; surgery; poultry science; food, hygiene and veterinary public health; dairy cattle production etc. The minimum eligibility to enroll in an MVSc programme is a BVSc and AH degree.

Undergraduate and postgraduate study programmes in veterinary science and animal husbandry are offered by specialist colleges in almost every state of the Indian Union. However inter-state admissions are difficult because most colleges impose domicile restrictions, except for 15 percent of seats which are reserved for those who top the All India Common Entrance Exa

Visit: https://veterinary-conferences.pencis.com/

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