Animal & human viruses

Introduction

Have you ever had the flu or the chicken pox? If so, then you've had a close encounter of the viral kind! Whether you dream of one day finding a cure for AIDS or simply hope to avoid this year's flu bug, you're probably familiar with the suffering that can be caused by viral infections (and minimized by vaccines and treatments).

Human viruses come in many types and have a wide range of effects. Some make us sick for a day or two before going away, while others are lifelong. Some are a minor annoyance, while others, such as Ebola, can cause life-threatening complications.

Because of their impact on our health and quality of life, many human viruses (and related animal viruses) have been studied in detail. Let's take a look at some of these viruses.

What does an animal virus look like?

Like other viruses, animal viruses are tiny packages of protein and nucleic acid. They have a protein shell, or capsid, and genetic material made of DNA or RNA that's tucked inside the caspid. They may also feature an envelope, a sphere of membrane made of lipid.

Animal virus capsids come in many shapes. One of the craziest-looking (to me, at least) is the Ebola virus, which has a long, thread-like structure that loops back on itself. A more "standard-looking" virus, chikungunya, is shown below for comparison: chikungunya looks like a sphere, but is actually a $20$20-sided icosahedron.

Animal virus genomes consist of either RNA or DNA, which may be single-stranded or double-stranded. Animal viruses may use a range of strategies (including some surprising and bizarre ones) to copy and use their genetic material, as we'll see in sections below.

How do animal viruses infect cells?

Animal viruses, like other viruses, depend on host cells to complete their life cycle. In order to reproduce, a virus must infect a host cell and reprogram it to make more virus particles.

The first key step in infection is recognition: an animal virus has special surface molecules that let it bind to receptors on the host cell membrane. Once attached to a host cell, animal viruses may enter in a variety of ways: by endocytosis, where the membrane folds in; by making channels in the host membrane (through which DNA or RNA can be injected); or, for enveloped viruses, by fusing with the membrane and releasing the capsid inside of the cell.

After the virus uses the host cell's resources to make new viral proteins and genetic material, viral particles assemble and prepare to exit the cell. Enveloped animal viruses may bud from the cell membrane as they form, taking a piece of the plasma membrane or internal membranes in the process. In contrast, non-enveloped virus particles, such as rhinoviruses, typically build up in infected cells until the cell bursts and/or dies and the particles are released.

Consequences of an infection

Viruses are associated with a variety of human diseases. The diagram below shows some common examples of viral infections that affect different systems of the human body:

Some viral infections follow the classic pattern of acute disease: symptoms worsen for a short period, but in most cases, the virus is cleared from the body by the immune system and the patient recovers. Examples include the common cold and influenza.

Other viruses, such as the hepatitis C virus, cause long-term chronic infections. Still other viruses, such as human herpesviruses 6 and 7, which in some cases cause the minor childhood disease roseola, may form productive infections (ones where new viral particles are produced) without causing any symptoms at all in the host. In these cases, patients are said to have an asymptomatic infection.

Classifying animal viruses

Animal viruses come in many types, and they enter, commandeer, and exit cells in a variety of different ways. How can we organize this mess of viruses in a way that's consistent and makes sense?

The Baltimore system groups viruses according to their type of genetic material and how it's used to make messenger RNAs (mRNAs), key intermediates in the production of viral proteins and the assembly of new viruses. A virus's Baltimore group depends on:

• The molecule it uses as genetic material (DNA or RNA)
• Whether the genetic material is single- or double-stranded
• The steps the virus uses to make an mRNA

The Baltimore system divides viruses into seven groups. You can see the basic features of each group, including its genetic material and the pathway it uses to make an mRNA, in the diagram below:

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 What Does a Veterinary Technician Do?

For most pet owners, ensuring their pets receive top notch care is crucial. In fact, according to the American Pet Products Association, Americans spent more than $50 billion on their pets in 2012, a quarter of which went towards veterinary care.

Because of this, qualified veterinary technicians, or nurses as they are also called, are in high demand to assist vets and specialists in providing the quality of care that American pet owners have come to expect.

What is a Veterinary Technician?

Veterinary technicians are valuable members of the practice team who assist vets and/or specialists throughout the care of a patient. The responsibilities of a licensed, registered, or certified veterinary technician are very similar to that of a registered nurse in a hospital or doctor’s office.  Veterinary technicians complete a veterinary technology program accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), and upon completion are required to pass the Veterinary Technician National Examination. Based upon the state in which a veterinary technician resides, some veterinary technicians are required to pass a state exam as well.

General Vet Tech Duties

Veterinary technicians provide a variety of care and services while assisting the in-house veterinarian or specialist, including surgery preparations, administering anesthesia, performing lab work, taking radiographs, recording patient vitals and administering medications. In addition, general day-to-day responsibilities include:

• Basic Care: Veterinary technicians are responsible for making sure animals are safe, comfortable and well taken care of during their hospital stay.
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• Preliminary Examinations: Veterinary technicians handle the preliminary examination upon a pet’s arrival, assisting by taking the animal’s rectal temperature and pulse.
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• Direct Assistance: Veterinary technicians offer assistance throughout the patient’s treatment by administering medication, placing catheters, operating machinery, and making sure that animals are clean and comfortable.They are trained to administer and monitor anesthesia , place bandages, draw blood, run in-house laboratory tests, and take radiographs; in an emergency situation a veterinary technician will provide the initial first aid in order to stabilize the animal until further treatment can be provided.
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• Pet Owner Communication & Education: Veterinary technicians also assist in communicating with pet owners about ailments and treatments, home care and preventative care. They also advise pet owners on how to administer medication to their pet

• Facility Maintenance: Veterinary technicians control inventory, order medications and medical supplies, maintain patient records, and maintain machinery in the facility.

At VetMED, the veterinary technicians also focus their efforts assisting in anesthetic procedures, preparing patients for surgery, monitoring critical patients, administering life saving techniques, assisting in ultrasound and scope guided diagnostics, and capturing Computed Tomography Images.

Veterinary Technician Specialties

Many licensed veterinary technicians choose a specialty focus in their career. Among the specialties recognized by the National Association of Veterinary Technicians in America

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 Omicron and Animals

It’s been a pretty chaotic week in the zoonotic SARS-CoV-2 world, with a lot of attention being paid to hamsters in Hong Kong and deer in Canada.

However, one issue that’s gotten less attention is the need to keep up with this virus as it changes, through serial waves and new variants, and to remember the limitations of our knowledge. I do a lot of talks and interviews about SARS-CoV-2 and often get into discussions of which species are susceptible and which ones aren’t, but there are always some important disclaimers I try to include. One big one is “but, what we know about SARS-CoV-2 in animals almost all pre-dates Omicron. Most of it pre-dates Delta, and even Alpha.”

Why is that important?

If we look at what we know about SARS-CoV-2 in some species, it’s based on experimental models, where animals were deliberately infected using the virus strain that was available at the time. Through those studies, we’ve concluded that species such as cattle and pigs are poorly susceptible, and SARS-CoV-2 exposure of such livestock is unlikely to be of relevance for either human or animal health (though people should still avoid contact even with these animals if they’re sick). Most of those studies were done with the original (pre-variant) SARS-CoV-2 strain. They were really important studies, but the virus strains that were used aren’t relevant anymore. The concern is that it can lead us to say “We’re good here – we don’t need to worry about that species, so we won’t do any more surveillance or future studies”.

Does that matter?

Maybe. The major SARS-CoV-2 variants like Delta and Omicron behave very differently in people from the original strain, and in most cases we don’t know if the same is true in animals or not.  It’s a risky approach to assume they won’t behave differently in animals as well.

Can new variants behave differently in animals?

Yes, and susceptibility to variants can be affected both ways. Earlier in the pandemic, it was shown that a species of mice that wasn’t susceptible to the original SARS-CoV-2 strain was susceptible to the Beta and Gamma variants.  They then showed that the same didn’t apply to Delta.

More recently, reduced susceptibility to Omicron was reported in mice and hamsters. A study from a few days ago reported that Omicron doesn’t readily infect Syrian hamsters, a species that is susceptible to other strains.

These studies show the need to investigate the impact of each variant on each species.

None of this is meant to say that the sky is falling and we’re going to see a massive change in species susceptibility or emergence of new animal issues with SARS-CoV-2. However, it means that we can’t be over-confident based on what’s been seen in the past.  We have to remember the limitations of our knowledge and make sure that we try to keep up with changes in this virus rather than rely on outdated information.

We need to keep working to identify (and ideally head off) issues, rather than using the typical reactionary approach, where we wait until there’s clear evidence of a problem before we act. The need for more work includes a range of studies (field and experimental) and species (including some species that haven’t been investigated since those very early studies). It also requires motivation and financial support, which has been lacking in most areas.  The amount of funding I’ve had for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance is basically the equivalent to a few remdesivir treatment courses. We’ve gotten good stuff done, but it’s on a shoestring budget and with little coordinating assistance, unlike some other jurisdictions where public health has integrated animal surveillance studies into their COVID-19 response plans, which is really the way to go.

We’re still at a time when SARS-CoV-2 is screaming through the human population, but that stage will end. Eventually we’ll reach a point where the biggest pool of potentially susceptible individuals is animals, and the relevance of animal reservoirs and animal populations as sources of variants will increase. We’re better off figuring out the issues now (as much as we can) rather than continuing to try to play catch-up later.

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Veterinary Medicine Companies in India 

Veterinary Medicine Companies in India 

 We all are living in a modern world but somewhere, we are still dependent on the animal for resources like eggs, milk, meat etc. A large proportion of the population is into cattle rearing. It is the most common practice in India, especially opts by people in villages or rural areas. The heath of Animal directly impacts human health due to the consumption of resources drawn by animals. There are many Top Veterinary Medicine Companies in India,  who are formulating such medicines to treat the health condition of Animals.

Animals health cannot be avoided as it impacts human health too. People, who are into cattle rearing performing the toughest job ever. They always provide them with all the essential nutrition, animal protein, and other essential elements to ensure their good health.  Lots of companies, who are under the list of Top 10 veterinary company in India 2021. They are currently playing a major role in the Animal Health industry through their regular supply of quality DCGI Approved. In this article, you will get to know the list of  Top Veterinary Medicine Companies in India, who are open to providing their medicines on bulk quantity rates. 

A Growing Market of Veterinary Medicine Range 

The Animal Healthcare sector is estimated to represent a global market of $32 billion as according to the research. There are many major factors which are affecting the growth of Veterinary medicine, injections, and others such as:

• The first reason is its increasing urbanization rising per capita income in emerging markets.
• Due to the limited farmland ana d cattle rearing in urban areas.
• Increasing modernization and more utility of chemicals extracts and other harmful elements.
• Less interest in animal ownership and growing pollution that affects the respiratory system of the animal.

Sometimes due to the presence of many harmful agents like Parasites, Microbes, Viruses, Bacteria, fungi, Protozoa etc, Animals fells sick. In such a case, their caretakers opt the Veterinary product, medicines, and equipment to treat them. Thus, Veterinary Medicine Companies in India are playing a vital role in giving a direction to Animal Healthcare Industry.

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 New treatment for animal cancer

A new software program could help veterinary oncologists target cancer cells more accurately.

Three-dimensional (3D) treatment planning can be used to target cancerous cells in animals — one in four dogs will develop tumours at some stage in their life. The software configures a 3D view of the tumour, allowing radiation oncologists to accurately target the cancerous cells and not harm the surrounding healthy tissue. This will reduce toxicity and improve the destruction of cancerous cells.

The software is a giant leap forward in oncology treatment for animals in Australia, according to Dr Rod Straw, founder of Brisbane Veterinary Specialist Centre (BVSC) and a leading veterinary specialist. BVSC is the first veterinary provider in Australia to use 3D treatment planning to target cancer in animals.

“This software will dramatically close the gap between oncology treatments on offer to humans, and those available to our pets,” Straw said in a statement. “We will now be able to marry the CT images with the radiation treatment delivered by our linear accelerator.”

Straw recently diagnosed Cocoa, an 11-year-old female Border Collie, with nasal cancer. The technology connected the CT scanner at BVSC to the powerful 3D planner and produced a radiation plan for Cocoa that could not have been calculated using previous methods.

Straw predicts an optimistic outcome from Cocoa’s radiation therapy. “This is a breakthrough in our ability to treat animals with cancers like brain tumours, intranasal cancer and other deep seated cancers we could not previously treat accurately,” he said.

“Our 3D planner has been tailored to our linear accelerator by expert physicists from Premion ensuring the same accuracy expected when treating human cancers.”

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 Animal Cell

Definition

Animal cells are the basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Animalia. They are eukaryotic cells, meaning that they have a true nucleus and specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions. Animal cells do not have plant-specific organelles like cell walls, which support the plant cell, or chloroplasts, the organelle that carries out photosynthesis.

Overview of Animal Cells

Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are all made up of at least one eukaryotic cell. In contrast, bacteria and archaea are made up of a single prokaryotic cell.

All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane (also called a plasma membrane). The cell membrane is the boundary that separates the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell. The plasma membrane encloses all the cell components, which are suspended in a gel-like fluid called the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the location of the organelles.

Eukaryotic cells are distinguished from prokaryotic cells by the presence of a defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, such as the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Prokaryotic cells do not have a defined nucleus (instead, a region of the cytoplasm – called the nucleotide – holds the genetic material). They also lack membrane-bound organelles.

Animals are all multicellular, meaning multiple cells work together to form the whole organism. In complex organisms, such as humans, these cells can be highly specialized to perform different functions. As such, they often look and function very differently from one another, even though they are all human cells.

Animal Cells vs. Plant Cells

Animal cells and plant cells are both eukaryotic. Thus, they both have a defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. However, animal and plant cells also have some fundamental differences.

Animal cells, unlike plant and fungi cells, do not have a cell wall. Instead, multicellular animals have other structures that provide support to their tissues and organs, such as skeleton and cartilage. Additionally, animal cells also lack chloroplasts found in plant cells. Chloroplasts are specialized organelles that trap energy from the sun and use it as fuel to produce sugars in a process called photosynthesis.

Additionally, while plant cells tend to have a large, central vacuole, animal cells lack this feature. Some animal cells do have small vacuoles, but their function is to assist in the storage and transport of large molecules.

Animal Cell Structure

Animal cells have a variety of different organelles that work together to allow the cell to perform its functions. Each cell can be thought of as a large factory with many departments, like manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and accounting. Different organelles represent each of these departments.

There are lots of different animal cells that each carry out specialized functions. Therefore, not every animal cell has all types of organelles, but in general, animal cells do contain most (if not all) of the following organelles. Additionally, some organelles will be highly abundant in certain cells and not others.

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LEPTOSPIROSIS

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection of the liver and kidneys spread by the urine of dogs, coyotes, raccoons, skunks, and rodents. It is contracted by ingesting water contaminated with such urine. Humans can contract leptospirosis, as well, if they come in contact with the urine of an infected animal.

The leptospirosis vaccine has gotten a bad wrap over the years. Many breeders will tell you that their beloved breed is “especially sensitive” to the leptospirosis vaccine. Old ways of producing that vaccine led to some truth of that. Today’s leptospirosis vaccine is exceedingly safe. Any animal can be allergic to anything, including the leptospirosis vaccine. That being said, leptospirosis is deadly, contagious to humans, and present in the upstate of South Carolina.

You don’t have to go out in the woods or live on a farm to be at risk, either. Mice and rats can spread leptospirosis into rainwater puddles that dogs taste or lick off of their feet. A common first symptom of leptospirosis in dogs is increased and inappropriate urination which owner clean up, thereby exposing themselves.

For this reason, leptospirosis vaccines are given annually to all canine patients at Pet’s Favorite Vet unless contraindicated by individual or owner request. The veterinary oath requires us to protect the health of you and your pets, and it’s a job we take seriously.

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Breeding hope as rare tiger arrives

A critically endangered Sumatran tiger has arrived at Chester Zoo as part of a special breeding programme.

Named Dash, the big cat was brought to the zoo from Fota Wildlife Park in Ireland.

Conservationists hope the three-year-old male will "hit it off" with resident female Kasarna, who was born at Chester in 2015.

The zoo's director of animals Mike Jordan said: "We're hopeful they will one day go on to have cubs."

He continued: "Dash is a handsome, confident young tiger and he's quickly settled into his new surroundings.

"Sumatran tigers are exceptionally rare and, sadly, their wild population continues to feel enormous pressure from mass-scale habitat loss and poaching.

                         

 "Their prospect of survival is hanging by a thread and the endangered species breeding programme, run by Europe's leading conservation zoos, is a vitally important part of the international effort to ensure these magnificent animals are here for generations to come."The Sumatran tiger is listed as critically endangered by the Internal Union for the Conservation of Nature with just 400 estimated to remain in the wild                                                 

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