A dog skin infection caused by bacteria and a novel fungal pathogen, Trichocladium sp

A nine-year-old female, spayed dog was presented to a veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment of a skin infection. The dog was treated with antibiotic and immunosuppressive drugs to resolve the infection. A punch biopsy sample was submitted to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL) in College Station for bacterial and fungal culture. Bacterial cultures revealed the presence of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Streptococcus equisimilis in the sample. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and identified this bacterium as a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP). Fungal cultures produced a pure culture of a fungal saprophyte on several of the fungal media.A lactophenol/aniline blue stained slide mount of the fungus was examined microscopically in an attempt to identify the fungal pathogen morphologically. As the isolate was not able to be definitively identified by colony and microscopic morphology, DNA sequencing was performed to identify the fungus up to genus/species level by amplifying the internal transcriber spacer (ITS) region. Based on the findings, the fungus was identified as a member of the genus Trichocladium. In follow up communication, the client informed TVMDL that several fungal hyphae were observed within macrophages and amongst other inflammatory cells in cytology samples, suggesting clinical significance of the fungal isolate.

Canine skin infections can be caused by a variety of pathogens. MRSP is a major pathogen of dogs and commonly associated with a variety of skin and wound infections. MRSP is commonly found to be resistant to many antibiotics, and therefore treatment with appropriate antibiotics is very critical. In this case, the infection was complicated by the presence of a fungal saprophyte, Trichocladium sp. A search of the literature shows that this is primarily a plant pathogen and there do not appear to be reports of infections in humans or animals. However, as this fungus is common in the environment, one could speculate that the cutaneous infection was initially caused by traumatic implantation of plant material containing Trichocladium sp. into the skin, followed by a secondary bacterial infection.

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 Viruses and Impact Animal Production

Viruses are having a major impact on animal production all around the world. Viruses can affect just about any tissue in the body, including the intestines, lungs, liver, kidneys, uterus, ovaries, the spinal cord, the brain and even the skin.

When viruses infect animals, it can affect growth, performance, reproduction and even lead to death. Controlling harmful viruses, like influenza, infectious bronchitis virus, BRSV and others is key to producing healthy, high-performing animals. First, we need to understand what viruses are and how they work to affect animals.

A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism and lacks the ability to survive or reproduce for a long period of time outside of a host. Viruses are present in plants, animals, insects and the environment all around the world and can cause problems in the normal function and structure of animals and their bodies.

The control of viruses, using vaccines, enhanced biosecurity and antiviral medications, among other strategies, as well as adequate zinc nutrition has helped extend animal life expectancies, improve productivity, performance and reproduction.

How Do Animal Viruses Work?

Viruses are made of either a single or double strand of nucleic acids and are classified as either RNA or DNA with protections in the form of either a capsule or an envelope. Viruses can enter the body through ingestion, inhalation of air, across the skin, or through the reproductive tract at the time of breeding.

Once an animal becomes infected with a virus, the virus can inject its genetic material into the healthy cells of an animal. It is then able to make the cells work to replicate the virus into many viruses, which can then be shed and further spread to other animals or, in some rare cases, to the humans caring for them.

While viruses have been recognized for many years as an etiological agent of disease, there are some viruses that do not cause diseases right away. They will live dormant in the cells of an animal until a stress event occurs. This could be transportation stress, heat stress, cold stress or stress from high stocking densities. Stress could cause a virus to come back out of dormancy and start to produce clinical disease.

While viruses can sometimes lead to death, most viral infections don’t directly lead to the demise of an animal. Instead, they initiate a depression in the immune system, which then allows bacterial pathogens to come into the animal and lead to death from a bacterial infection. This is very common in feedlot cattle.

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Dog Breeds

1. Labrador Retrievers

These friendly and active pups have held the top spot the past 28 years in a row. "This is a do-everything breed that needs to be with its humans," long-timer breeder Erin Henlon-Hall told the AKC. "It personifies the definition of versatility — hunting, showing, family, dock diving, tracking, obedience. It’s as American as baseball, hot dogs, and apple pie."

2. Maltipoo

This cross-breed pup is the result of breeding a miniature poodle with a Maltese. They’re known to be lively, energetic and just plain adorable.

3. German Shepherds

These trusted companions often work as police dogs and service dogs because they're fiercely loyal to their main caretakers.

4. Chow-chow

Good thing chow-chows are so cute: they’re notoriously stubborn and difficult to train.

5. Golden Retrievers

This intelligent, friendly breed is basically the movie star of the group with starring roles on Full House, Air Bud, and Homeward Bound.

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VETERINARY MEDICINE DURING COVID-19

At Bayside Animal Hospital, we have been working extra hard to make pet care easier during the pandemic, for our clients and staff. We have accomplished this while striving to book as many appointments as we can safely. We’ve also taken extra measures to ensure pets and owners are greeted with a smile, even if it’s from behind a mask.

Discover some of the additional challenges of being a local veterinary clinic or animal hospital during COVID, as well as how COVID-19 has affected veterinary medicine. We hope this will provide a better understanding of how things have changed for us during the pandemic. Our goal is to do our best to work together to protect the health of your pets, you, and our local community.

OFFICE OPERATIONS AT BAYSIDE ANIMAL HOSPITAL

More than 11 million new pets have been adopted since COVID began. This is wonderful news–but has also created a significantly greater demand for veterinary care during COVID. Without additional staff or veterinary practices to meet this new demand.

To prioritize client and pet safety, we are following the CDC’s COVID-19 veterinary care guidelines. This includes always wearing masks, personal protective equipment (PPE), keeping pets and pet parents safe, and keeping the facility as clean as possible. At this time, we’re continuing with curbside service to ensure optimal safety and social distancing for everyone involved. Clients are instructed to park in front of the clinic and call us upon arrival. We’ll provide next steps on the phone, whether you’re there for an appointment or to pick up a curbside order. We do hope to have exam rooms open again in the future.

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Recognizing Futile Care in Veterinary Medicine

Consider the case of a 17-year-old domestic shorthair cat with chronic kidney disease (CKD) hospitalized for diuresis and supportive care. After 3 days on intravenous fluids, antiemetics, and appetite stimulants, the kidney values are unchanged. The pet has not eaten in over a week and spends most of its day in lateral recumbency, only lifting its head occasionally when the owner visits. Despite the cat’s condition and grave prognosis, the owner wants to continue hospitalization and is considering placement of a feeding tube to provide nutrition.

Cases like this are distressing for all involved—the patient, the pet owner, the veterinarian, and the veterinary team members who are cage-side providing care in futile situations. In a profession with continued technological advances in diagnostic and treatment options for our patients, we may not find ourselves asking the question of whether we can do something, but whether we should.

But are cases of futile care actually common in veterinary medicine? A recent study in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association sought to answer this question.1 Nathan Peterson, DVM, DACVECC, associate clinical professor at Cornell University and one of the study’s authors, shared his surprise in the results. “It was a problem I knew I was experiencing,” he says. “We went into [the study] thinking it was a more isolated problem.” Instead, the survey found that 99% of veterinarian respondents—the majority of whom were board-certified specialists—believe that futile care occurs in veterinary medicine, and 85% stated they had experienced a case of futile care within the previous year.1

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ANIMAL CARE

Veterinary medicine externs get firsthand experience in animal hospitals

Thanks to University of Delaware alumna Stephanie DeMarco, DVM and a carefully designed externship course, UD pre-veterinary medicine majors were hands-on this winter at local animal hospitals.

Seeking to get UD students meaningful clinical experiences, the Department of Animal and Food Sciences in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources turned to DeMarco, who boasts two decades of veterinary medicine expertise, to capitalize UD’s unique, five-week Winter Session. The course, Animal and Food Science Experience (ANFS 464), is becoming a January staple for UD juniors with their eye on the veterinary profession. Over the winter, Blue Hens worked at Windcrest Animal Hospital, Hockessin Animal Hospital and Talleyville Veterinary Hospital.

“The externship program essentially got started because I was a veterinarian that was working in a nearby hospital,” explained DeMarco, “I was consistently getting students who wanted to shadow, but shadowing doesn’t allow them to actually put their hands on animals.”

As externs, the pre-veterinary medicine majors applied the skills and knowledge they learned in their coursework. The winter externship, which takes an educational approach to hospital work, is sandwiched between fall and spring clinical courses – Clinical Pre-Vet Experience I and II. The classes allow undergraduates a deep dive into technical veterinary skills. The three-course sequence is intentionally designed to make veterinary school applicants as competitive as possible. UD’s esteemed pre-veterinary medicine program gives students a major advantage in veterinary school acceptance and success; approximately 80% of UD applicants are admitted to vet school — twice the national average (40%).

“[The students] were coming to me asking for jobs, but then they didn’t have experience,” explained DeMarco, “Being this close to the University, my alma mater, I thought ‘What can I do about this?’ and so we made this class sequence where we could start giving them some skills.”

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Mycoplasma and Diseases in Dogs

As part of its work the Small Animal Clinic is conducting a doctoral study in the field of mycoplasma which cause diseases of the urogenital tract and fertility disorders in dogs. Bacteria belonging to the mycoplasma genus are found in different hosts, where they can cause various states of disease, including infertility and diseases of the urogenital tract.

Of the canine mycoplasmas, the most important is Mycoplasma canis (M. canis), which to date has been the most commonly isolated from various parts of the urogenital tract. The purpose of the doctoral thesis is to determine the presence of M. canis in dogs and its role in the development of clinically detectable diseases of the urogenital tract and fertility disorders.

The study is designed as a clinical study in which it would like to include dogs with clinical signs of urinary tract disorders, clinically healthy animals with fertility disorders, and a control group of healthy animals without fertility disorders and signs of urinary tract disease. If you would like to include your dog in the research, it will undergo a free clinical examination, blood and urine collection, and an abdominal ultrasound. When the results of the lab tests are known, we will let you know and discuss if your dog needs treatment or further diagnostics.

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 zoonotic diseases

A person holding baby chickens in their hands. Many animals, including birds, can carry diseases that can jump to humans. So, make sure to wash your hands with soap after handling even the most adorable animals. (Image credit: Shutterstock)

Zoonotic diseases, also called zoonoses, are illnesses caused by germs that are passed between animals and people. 

"Put simply, a zoonotic disease is one that originates in animals and can cause disease in humans," said Barbara Han, a disease ecologist at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in New York. 

Zoonotic diseases are prevalent throughout the world; they can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites or fungi, and may cause mild or severe illness or death. Experts estimate that about 60% of known infectious diseases in people can be spread by animals, and 3 out of every 4 new diseases in people originated in animals, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 

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 Itchy Dog Deserves Relief

Your dog probably isn’t stopping to itch just so they can ignore you when you tell them to “come” or “sit.” There is a chance this is exactly what they are doing, but most likely, your dog actually has itchy skin.

In addition to seeing your dog scratching a lot, you might notice their fur looks dry and a bit dandruffy, or they might seem to be shedding more than usual.

But why exactly is your dog so itchy? Dogs itch for many different reasons, and sometimes for no reason. Every dog’s gotta scratch from time to time — and that’s completely normal. But when a dog is incessantly licking, scratching, biting, and chewing to the point of hurting themself, then scratching becomes a symptom of an underlying issue.

The medical term for scratching related to excessive itching is pruritus, and it’s the second most common reason people take their dogs to the vet (gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea top the list). The causes of pruritus can be quite complex, but there are two main reasons why dogs itch.

The first has to do with the condition of the skin itself: Is it infected? Is it too oily? Is it too dry? Of these three, dry skin is the most common issue. The second major cause of pruritus is allergies. Keep reading to learn why your dog is so itchy, plus what you can do to soothe their irritated skin.

Why Your Dog Is So Itchy: Dry Skin

If your dog is itching, and they don’t have fleas one common cause of itching is dry skin. If you live in a region with low humidity, it’s more likely that your dog will have dry skin, which is fairly easy to recognize: When you part your dog’s hair, you’ll see flakes of dandruff in the undercoat, and the skin itself may be cracked and tough. The slightest stimulation of the skin — including your gentlest touch — can provoke your dog to scratch violently.

Dry skin can be influenced not only by environmental factors, but also by diet. Commercial pet foods process out the good oils that contribute to healthy skin and a lustrous haircoat. Dry pet foods have an even more dehydrating effect on skin and hair. They also stimulate increased thirst, which only partially compensates for the drying nature of these diets.

If you feed your dog dry foods, be sure to add digestive enzymes. (In fact, digestive enzymes are good to use with any type of food.) Enzymes improve the release of nutrients, and beneficial probiotic bacteria also assist in the digestive process. Probiotics also help with allergies (as noted below). A healthy digestive system absorbs fluids more readily from the food your dog eats, which improves hydration and increases moisture levels in the skin and haircoat.

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 COMMON ILLNESSES IN DOGS

DENTAL DISEASES

Some of the most common diseases in dogs that are typically identified after the age of three are oral infections like gingivitis and tartar buildup. A more severe version of this might be odontal diseases such as abscesses. Some things to look out for in this category are difficulty with or avoidance of hard food, bad breath, discolored teeth or gums, loose teeth, lumps on the gums or under the tongue. Staying on top of your dog’s oral care can help prevent situations like this from occurring. Regular vet visits for teeth cleaning can help prevent dental disease. Sometimes dog grooming organizations will also include teeth cleaning in their regular packages.   

EAR INFECTIONS

If you notice that your dog is scratching frequently at their ears or demonstrates recurring head tipping or shaking, you should probably get their ears checked for an infection. Other indicators can be loss of fur, odor, and redness or swelling of the ear canal. If ear infections are reoccurring, there is also the potential for allergy involvement. Some things you can do to prevent ear infections are drying your dogs’ ears thoroughly after being in water, using a dog cleaning solution to regularly clean out your pets’ ears, and managing any allergies appropriately.

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Animal Diseases

 

Disease control in animals is rigorously monitored in Australia. Avian, equine and bovine-based diseases pose a threat not only to the animals themselves but to the wider agriculture and food industries. Our Animal Disease section contains everything you need to know about these viral nasties and their symptoms.

Avian influenza or 'bird flu' refers to influenza A viruses found chiefly in birds, but infections with these viruses can occur in humans. The risk from avian influenza is generally low to most people because the viruses do not usually infect humans.

Equine influenza is the disease caused by strains of influenza A that are endemic in horse species. The disease has a nearly 100% infection rate in an unvaccinated horse population that has not been previously exposed to the virus.

Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious and sometimes fatal viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. Studies show that a major outbreak could cost Australia over $9 billion in lost export earnings over an eight-year period.

Hendra virus is a highly lethal disease that affects horses and the people who work closely with them. The virus has not been shown to be highly contagious, however, it is highly lethal.

Parvovirus infection (known as parvo) is a viral illness that causes vomiting, bloody diarrhoea and weight loss in dogs. In puppies aged between six weeks and six months, it can be fatal. Vaccination is vital, as the virus can live in the ground for up to 12 months.

Rabbit calicivirus is highly contagious and damages the internal organs of rabbits. Vaccinations for pet rabbits should always be up to date in accordance with the controlled release of the virus, and to minimise instances of general contagion.

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