VETERINARY MEDICINE DURING COVID-19

At Bayside Animal Hospital, we have been working extra hard to make pet care easier during the pandemic, for our clients and staff. We have accomplished this while striving to book as many appointments as we can safely. We’ve also taken extra measures to ensure pets and owners are greeted with a smile, even if it’s from behind a mask.

Discover some of the additional challenges of being a local veterinary clinic or animal hospital during COVID, as well as how COVID-19 has affected veterinary medicine. We hope this will provide a better understanding of how things have changed for us during the pandemic. Our goal is to do our best to work together to protect the health of your pets, you, and our local community.

OFFICE OPERATIONS AT BAYSIDE ANIMAL HOSPITAL

More than 11 million new pets have been adopted since COVID began. This is wonderful news–but has also created a significantly greater demand for veterinary care during COVID. Without additional staff or veterinary practices to meet this new demand.

To prioritize client and pet safety, we are following the CDC’s COVID-19 veterinary care guidelines. This includes always wearing masks, personal protective equipment (PPE), keeping pets and pet parents safe, and keeping the facility as clean as possible. At this time, we’re continuing with curbside service to ensure optimal safety and social distancing for everyone involved. Clients are instructed to park in front of the clinic and call us upon arrival. We’ll provide next steps on the phone, whether you’re there for an appointment or to pick up a curbside order. We do hope to have exam rooms open again in the future.

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Recognizing Futile Care in Veterinary Medicine

Consider the case of a 17-year-old domestic shorthair cat with chronic kidney disease (CKD) hospitalized for diuresis and supportive care. After 3 days on intravenous fluids, antiemetics, and appetite stimulants, the kidney values are unchanged. The pet has not eaten in over a week and spends most of its day in lateral recumbency, only lifting its head occasionally when the owner visits. Despite the cat’s condition and grave prognosis, the owner wants to continue hospitalization and is considering placement of a feeding tube to provide nutrition.

Cases like this are distressing for all involved—the patient, the pet owner, the veterinarian, and the veterinary team members who are cage-side providing care in futile situations. In a profession with continued technological advances in diagnostic and treatment options for our patients, we may not find ourselves asking the question of whether we can do something, but whether we should.

But are cases of futile care actually common in veterinary medicine? A recent study in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association sought to answer this question.1 Nathan Peterson, DVM, DACVECC, associate clinical professor at Cornell University and one of the study’s authors, shared his surprise in the results. “It was a problem I knew I was experiencing,” he says. “We went into [the study] thinking it was a more isolated problem.” Instead, the survey found that 99% of veterinarian respondents—the majority of whom were board-certified specialists—believe that futile care occurs in veterinary medicine, and 85% stated they had experienced a case of futile care within the previous year.1

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ANIMAL CARE

Veterinary medicine externs get firsthand experience in animal hospitals

Thanks to University of Delaware alumna Stephanie DeMarco, DVM and a carefully designed externship course, UD pre-veterinary medicine majors were hands-on this winter at local animal hospitals.

Seeking to get UD students meaningful clinical experiences, the Department of Animal and Food Sciences in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources turned to DeMarco, who boasts two decades of veterinary medicine expertise, to capitalize UD’s unique, five-week Winter Session. The course, Animal and Food Science Experience (ANFS 464), is becoming a January staple for UD juniors with their eye on the veterinary profession. Over the winter, Blue Hens worked at Windcrest Animal Hospital, Hockessin Animal Hospital and Talleyville Veterinary Hospital.

“The externship program essentially got started because I was a veterinarian that was working in a nearby hospital,” explained DeMarco, “I was consistently getting students who wanted to shadow, but shadowing doesn’t allow them to actually put their hands on animals.”

As externs, the pre-veterinary medicine majors applied the skills and knowledge they learned in their coursework. The winter externship, which takes an educational approach to hospital work, is sandwiched between fall and spring clinical courses – Clinical Pre-Vet Experience I and II. The classes allow undergraduates a deep dive into technical veterinary skills. The three-course sequence is intentionally designed to make veterinary school applicants as competitive as possible. UD’s esteemed pre-veterinary medicine program gives students a major advantage in veterinary school acceptance and success; approximately 80% of UD applicants are admitted to vet school — twice the national average (40%).

“[The students] were coming to me asking for jobs, but then they didn’t have experience,” explained DeMarco, “Being this close to the University, my alma mater, I thought ‘What can I do about this?’ and so we made this class sequence where we could start giving them some skills.”

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Mycoplasma and Diseases in Dogs

As part of its work the Small Animal Clinic is conducting a doctoral study in the field of mycoplasma which cause diseases of the urogenital tract and fertility disorders in dogs. Bacteria belonging to the mycoplasma genus are found in different hosts, where they can cause various states of disease, including infertility and diseases of the urogenital tract.

Of the canine mycoplasmas, the most important is Mycoplasma canis (M. canis), which to date has been the most commonly isolated from various parts of the urogenital tract. The purpose of the doctoral thesis is to determine the presence of M. canis in dogs and its role in the development of clinically detectable diseases of the urogenital tract and fertility disorders.

The study is designed as a clinical study in which it would like to include dogs with clinical signs of urinary tract disorders, clinically healthy animals with fertility disorders, and a control group of healthy animals without fertility disorders and signs of urinary tract disease. If you would like to include your dog in the research, it will undergo a free clinical examination, blood and urine collection, and an abdominal ultrasound. When the results of the lab tests are known, we will let you know and discuss if your dog needs treatment or further diagnostics.

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 zoonotic diseases

A person holding baby chickens in their hands. Many animals, including birds, can carry diseases that can jump to humans. So, make sure to wash your hands with soap after handling even the most adorable animals. (Image credit: Shutterstock)

Zoonotic diseases, also called zoonoses, are illnesses caused by germs that are passed between animals and people. 

"Put simply, a zoonotic disease is one that originates in animals and can cause disease in humans," said Barbara Han, a disease ecologist at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in New York. 

Zoonotic diseases are prevalent throughout the world; they can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites or fungi, and may cause mild or severe illness or death. Experts estimate that about 60% of known infectious diseases in people can be spread by animals, and 3 out of every 4 new diseases in people originated in animals, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 

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 Itchy Dog Deserves Relief

Your dog probably isn’t stopping to itch just so they can ignore you when you tell them to “come” or “sit.” There is a chance this is exactly what they are doing, but most likely, your dog actually has itchy skin.

In addition to seeing your dog scratching a lot, you might notice their fur looks dry and a bit dandruffy, or they might seem to be shedding more than usual.

But why exactly is your dog so itchy? Dogs itch for many different reasons, and sometimes for no reason. Every dog’s gotta scratch from time to time — and that’s completely normal. But when a dog is incessantly licking, scratching, biting, and chewing to the point of hurting themself, then scratching becomes a symptom of an underlying issue.

The medical term for scratching related to excessive itching is pruritus, and it’s the second most common reason people take their dogs to the vet (gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea top the list). The causes of pruritus can be quite complex, but there are two main reasons why dogs itch.

The first has to do with the condition of the skin itself: Is it infected? Is it too oily? Is it too dry? Of these three, dry skin is the most common issue. The second major cause of pruritus is allergies. Keep reading to learn why your dog is so itchy, plus what you can do to soothe their irritated skin.

Why Your Dog Is So Itchy: Dry Skin

If your dog is itching, and they don’t have fleas one common cause of itching is dry skin. If you live in a region with low humidity, it’s more likely that your dog will have dry skin, which is fairly easy to recognize: When you part your dog’s hair, you’ll see flakes of dandruff in the undercoat, and the skin itself may be cracked and tough. The slightest stimulation of the skin — including your gentlest touch — can provoke your dog to scratch violently.

Dry skin can be influenced not only by environmental factors, but also by diet. Commercial pet foods process out the good oils that contribute to healthy skin and a lustrous haircoat. Dry pet foods have an even more dehydrating effect on skin and hair. They also stimulate increased thirst, which only partially compensates for the drying nature of these diets.

If you feed your dog dry foods, be sure to add digestive enzymes. (In fact, digestive enzymes are good to use with any type of food.) Enzymes improve the release of nutrients, and beneficial probiotic bacteria also assist in the digestive process. Probiotics also help with allergies (as noted below). A healthy digestive system absorbs fluids more readily from the food your dog eats, which improves hydration and increases moisture levels in the skin and haircoat.

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 COMMON ILLNESSES IN DOGS

DENTAL DISEASES

Some of the most common diseases in dogs that are typically identified after the age of three are oral infections like gingivitis and tartar buildup. A more severe version of this might be odontal diseases such as abscesses. Some things to look out for in this category are difficulty with or avoidance of hard food, bad breath, discolored teeth or gums, loose teeth, lumps on the gums or under the tongue. Staying on top of your dog’s oral care can help prevent situations like this from occurring. Regular vet visits for teeth cleaning can help prevent dental disease. Sometimes dog grooming organizations will also include teeth cleaning in their regular packages.   

EAR INFECTIONS

If you notice that your dog is scratching frequently at their ears or demonstrates recurring head tipping or shaking, you should probably get their ears checked for an infection. Other indicators can be loss of fur, odor, and redness or swelling of the ear canal. If ear infections are reoccurring, there is also the potential for allergy involvement. Some things you can do to prevent ear infections are drying your dogs’ ears thoroughly after being in water, using a dog cleaning solution to regularly clean out your pets’ ears, and managing any allergies appropriately.

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Animal Diseases

 

Disease control in animals is rigorously monitored in Australia. Avian, equine and bovine-based diseases pose a threat not only to the animals themselves but to the wider agriculture and food industries. Our Animal Disease section contains everything you need to know about these viral nasties and their symptoms.

Avian influenza or 'bird flu' refers to influenza A viruses found chiefly in birds, but infections with these viruses can occur in humans. The risk from avian influenza is generally low to most people because the viruses do not usually infect humans.

Equine influenza is the disease caused by strains of influenza A that are endemic in horse species. The disease has a nearly 100% infection rate in an unvaccinated horse population that has not been previously exposed to the virus.

Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious and sometimes fatal viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. Studies show that a major outbreak could cost Australia over $9 billion in lost export earnings over an eight-year period.

Hendra virus is a highly lethal disease that affects horses and the people who work closely with them. The virus has not been shown to be highly contagious, however, it is highly lethal.

Parvovirus infection (known as parvo) is a viral illness that causes vomiting, bloody diarrhoea and weight loss in dogs. In puppies aged between six weeks and six months, it can be fatal. Vaccination is vital, as the virus can live in the ground for up to 12 months.

Rabbit calicivirus is highly contagious and damages the internal organs of rabbits. Vaccinations for pet rabbits should always be up to date in accordance with the controlled release of the virus, and to minimise instances of general contagion.

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 VETERINARY SCIENCE

A natural compassion for animals and an interest in science is what leads most veterinarians into their field. Learn the role a veterinarian plays in practicing animal and public health while participating in many hands-on activities. These activities will help you learn about the different equipment used by veterinarians, diseases, health problems, and career opportunities as a veterinarian or volunteer. You do not have to own an animal to be in this project.

Here's What You Can Learn . . . .

• Recognize major breeds of different species of animals

• Identify basic needs of animals Investigate the different roles of animals

• Describe different stages of an animals’ life

• Discover body systems and organs

• Investigate animal behavior

• Explore nutrient groups and their function

• Learn to calculate medical dosages

• Explore the roles of a vet and the tools they use

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 VETERINARY CLINICAL MEDICINE

Expertise in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine spans a wide range of clinical specialties. Most faculty spend a significant proportion of their time delivering or supervising the care of patients in the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. This clinical service integrates the training and education of residents, interns, and veterinary students who are engaged with patient care

In addition to teaching as part of patient care delivery, departmental faculty teach and lecture in core courses and electives in the veterinary degree program, in graduate student seminars, and in the college’s online Master of Veterinary Science program. Most also engage in continuing education for veterinary professionals through publications in practice-oriented journals, presentations at professional meetings, or delivery of online continuing education modules. Many take on leadership roles nationally or internationally in the professional associations devoted to their area of specialty.

Research is very often focused on advancing the standards of patient care, addressing problems that arise in the patient population that they see. Innovations developed for human patients are frequently adapted to animal patients. For example, a real-time imaging device that could allow oncologic surgeons to ensure that they have excised all of a tumor without having to wait for a pathologist’s report is being borrowed from breast cancer surgery and applied to canine cancers.

Medical advances sometimes originate in veterinary medicine and move to human medicine: chemotherapeutic approaches to osteosarcoma that have proven effective in naturally occurring cancers of dogs treated at our hospital are beginning trials in people with cancer.

Veterinary Clinical Medicine faculty frequently use clinical trials to answer specific questions about new therapies and drugs. Patients at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital may be eligible to enroll in a clinical trial that offers cutting-edge treatments at a reduced cost to the animal owner.

Faculty are dedicated not only to animal health and welfare, but to improvement of human and environmental well-being through improved understanding of the human-animal bond, food production systems, and ecosystem health.

International Conference on Veterinary Medicine and Animal Care

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UCT Vet Science Students Get A Paws-On Education In New Building

In most high schools it might be unusual to find a classroom of sophomores performing an ultrasound on a dog’s bladder, but Upper Cape Cod Regional Technical High School is not most high schools.

The finishing touches are just about done on the school’s new veterinary science building, but the first class of students to be enrolled in the program is already making use of everything the facility offers. The program was included as an exploratory class last year, when it was housed in an existing lab space in the main building.

Now a full-blown program with its own new building, the 14 veterinary science students are starting to get hands-on experience working with sick and injured pets.

Technical Programs Supervisor Nolan LeRoy said that earlier in the year, a student conducting an eye examination on a dog found a benign tumor that had previously gone unnoticed.

Elise McAllister, the classroom aide, brings her yellow Labrador retriever, named Revis, in so that the students can practice exams on him.

Ms. McAllister said that she trained him as a therapy dog when he was about a year old. Revis is definitely used to his routine and follows the direction of the students when they need him to be in any given place.

“He’s the best boy ever,” Ms. McAllister said.

Teacher and veterinarian Harry Ernst said other school staff members have also brought their pets in for the students to examine.

The new building contains two classroom spaces. It also provides exam, dental and surgical rooms. Each of the clinical rooms includes a large observation window so that students who are not taking part in a procedure can still watch what their peers are doing.

Among the students this year is Jacquelyn Stuart of Wareham, who said she plans to become a veterinary technician with a specialty in physical therapy. She said she has know that she wanted to work with animals since she was 8 years old, especially having grown up around a lot of animals.

Her classmate, Emily Mello of Bourne, said she wants to be a veterinarian at Walt Disney World’s Animal Kingdom before potentially opening up a clinic of her own.

“It’s so amazing and an honor,” Emily said. “To be the first class to be in veterinary is amazing.”

Both said that the course work is rigorous, but no more so than what they had expected it to be when they signed up for it.

“If you think you’re going to come in and play with dogs all day, you’re wrong,” Jacquelyn said after she and Emily had completed a demonstration of an endotracheal intubation on a surgical dummy named Jerry Seinfeld.

The program will not certify students to become veterinary technicians right out of high school, but Mr. LeRoy said that they will be earning hours toward that certification. Mr. LeRoy said students will be certified in animal CPR. They will also be Fear Free certified. Fear Free is initiative that aims to educate those who care for animals on how to reduce fear and anxiety in pets.

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