Bulldog

The country of origin of a bulldog is from England and the United Kingdom. Bulldogs are even called British Bulldog and English bulldog. The average life span of a bulldog is 07 to 10 years. They have tiny nasal cavities and are sensitive to heat. Its height is about 12-16 inches. The weight of males ranges from 53-55 pounds and females 49-51 pounds. These types of dogs are grown as pets. They need exercise, like other dogs.

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German Shepherd

German Shepard got originated from Germany. This is a new breed of dog that originated in the year 1899. These are called as working dogs that are developed for herding sheep. A German dog has a lot of strength, obedient, intelligent, and very well trained. It is called the second-most popular breed of dog in the United States and fourth-most popular in the United Kingdom.

The breed height starts at 60-65 cm for males, and for females, height was 55-60 cm. They mostly observe in tan/black and red/black. They have a double coat. The outer layer sheds all around, and the thick undercoat is very dense. The life span of the German Shepard is 10.5 years.

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How canines capture your heart: scientists explain puppy dog eyes

In a project that has all the makings of a Roald Dahl classic, scientists have hit on an answer to the mystery of how man’s best friend got its puppy dog eyes.

The sad, imploring expression held such power over humans during 33,000 years of canine domestication that the preference for dogs that could pull off the look steered the evolution of their facial muscles, researchers have said.

The result is that dogs gradually acquired a new forehead muscle named the levator anguli oculi medialis, or LAOM, and have used it to deploy the doleful look to devastating effect ever since.

“They are very powerful animals in how they capture our hearts,” said Prof Bridget Waller, the director of the Centre for Comparative and Evolutionary Psychology at the University of Portsmouth. “We pay a lot of attention to faces, they are meaningful to us, and this expression makes dogs look juvenile and sad. It induces a nurturing response. It’s a cute factor.

To investigate how the look developed in dogs, the UK-US research team acquired wolf and dog cadavers from taxidermists and US state organisations and dissected their heads to compare the facial muscles. No animals were killed for the research.Dissections of six dogs – a chihuahua, a labrador, a bloodhound, a German shepherd, a Siberian husky and a mongrel – found all had the LAOM muscle. But in the four grey wolves studied, the muscle was missing, save for a few scant muscle fibres. Since all dogs are derived from wolves, the comparison suggests the LAOM arose in the domestication process.Only one other difference was noted in the head dissections. A muscle called the retractor anguli oculi lateralis (RAOL), which pulls the eyelids out towards the ears, was less prominent in wolves than dogs. The Siberian husky, one of the most ancient breeds, was the only dog found to lack the RAOL muscle, according to the report in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.After establishing that dogs and wolves have different muscles around the eyes, the researchers filmed the animals to see how their expressions varied. They filmed nine wolves in two different animal parks, and 27 dogs, mostly Staffordshire bull terriers, in shelters across the UK. The footage was reviewed by a trained specialist who was not told about the scientists’ hypothesis. The specialist recorded when the animals made the puppy dog eyes expression, and rated its intensity on a five-point scale.

Dogs pulled the doleful face far more frequently than wolves, but the most striking finding was the intensity of the expressions. While dogs and wolves both produced “low intensity” expressions, only dogs appear to have weaponised the look and achieved what the scientists classified as “high intensity expressions”.

The look has a real impact. In a previous study, Waller showed that the more dogs deployed the expression, the faster they were rehomed from shelters. In that regard, puppy dog eyes were more effective than tail wagging or the speed at which dogs bounded over to visiting humans.

Waller does not believe dogs originally produced the expression to win humans over. More likely, she said, is that animals that happened to deploy puppy dog eyes tapped into a response humans had evolved over millennia of living in large groups, where reading facial expressions was crucial.

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Feline Patient Populations

For the purpose of creating specific, individualized vaccination recommendations based on risk of exposure, the Task Force has identified and defined the following feline populations based on their environment and lifestyle. The guidelines begin by discussing pet cats and then discuss a number of feline populations that are considered to be at relatively high risk of infectious disease exposure—namely, shelter cats, trap-neuterreturn/ trap-neuter-release cats, cattery cats, and foster cats.

Pet Cats

Pet cats include any cat kept by human beings as a source of companionship and pleasure. Pet cats are further categorized by housing status (indoor, outdoor, or indoor-outdoor cats) and number of cats in the household (single-cat or larger multi-cat). Although these distinctions are important, the most significant issue to consider regarding vaccination of pet cats is the individual cat’s exposure risk and exposure frequency to other cats and feline infectious diseases. Even indoor cats from single-cat households will inevitably be exposed to other feline infectious pathogens in situations such as a veterinary clinic visit, contact with other cats entering the premises, or exposure to contaminated fomites introduced by human contact. Client education for owners of these patients should focus on risk of exposure to other cats rather than on where the cat eats, sleeps, or spends most of its time.

For high-risk, multi-cat households, the probability of infectious disease exposure and transmission is proportionate to the number or density of cats on the premises.³⁹ It is important to educate clients about the increased disease risks to this population of cats and to discuss increased owner responsibility to ensure appropriate preventive healthcare initiatives associated with housing many cats in a confined space.

Shelter Cats

These are cats living for indeterminate periods in centers for relinquished or lost animals.

Trap-Neuter-Return/Trap-Neuter-Release Cats

These are community or feral cats of either sex that live entirely separate from people and cannot safely be handled. Trap-neuter-release/trap-neuter- return cats may survive completely independently of humans, but some semiferal colonies receive support from individuals.

Cattery Cats

These cats are maintained in commercial facilities; for example, breeding or boarding facilities, and pet stores with a showcase model.

Foster Cats

Foster cats are kittens or adult cats temporarily housed for rescue, rehabilitation, and rehoming purposes. The most important consideration in a foster cat household is ensuring that the permanent population of the household is appropriately vaccinated to provide protection from disease exposure originating with foster cats.

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Equine Anatomy

Physiology is the scientific study of the mechanisms of living things. Physiology reveals how cells, tissues, organs, and systems help to maintain normal bodily functions in healthy animals, as well as examining how an animal responds to changes in its environment. A physiologist is an expert in physiology. Changes to normal physiology imply that disease is present in the animal. A good knowledge of physiology, therefore, can help an owner to maintain their animal’s health.

The horse is an athletic animal, which means that it is ever more crucial to understand equine physiology. A physiologist can help to increase your horse’s athletic performance, prevent injuries and identify problems in their early stages. Doing so can prevent injuries from becoming severe and can increase the strength of the animal. This can be of great economic value to the owner of a sporting horse! Physiological analysis can also be a helpful factor in assessing new horses before buying them. Following the advice of a physiologist, a horse owner can ensure that they choose and purchase an animal that is healthy and strong.

Basic equine anatomy

Anatomy is the scientific study of the body structure of a healthy animal. Anatomy can be subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy is the study of healthy structures in the body which can be seen using the naked eye, whilst microscopic anatomy is the study of healthy body structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye and require the use of microscopes. In basic anatomical terms, the horse’s body is made up of skin, the musculoskeletal system, the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system, the gastrointestinal system, the lymphatic system, the endocrine system, and the urinary system.

Skin

Skin is the largest organ in the horse, made up of haired areas, non-haired areas, pigmented areas, and non pigmented areas. The skin is divided into three layers.

ï Epidermis
ï Dermis
ï Hypodermis

The epidermis is the outermost layer of the horse’s skin. It is a keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. ‘Stratified’ implies that there is more than one cell layer. The outer cell layers are keratinised. Keratin is a protein which is an essential part of the epithelial cells in the epidermis. Keratin helps the skin cells form a barrier and forms the outermost layer of the skin. The only living layer of the skin is the basal layer, which lies on the basal membrane. The basal layer continuously forms new cells, and these cells replace those cells which are sloughed off due to friction and physical damages in the outermost layers. The epidermis acts as a barrier and prevents pathogens entering into the body.

The dermis lies directly under the epidermis, and is divided into the papillary and the reticular layers. The papillary layer is located directly under the epidermis. The dermis is a connective tissue layer consisting of blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, glands, collagen fibres, and elastic fibres. The blood vessels in the dermis have a thermoregulatory function. The thickness of the dermis differs by body region and horse breed.

The hypodermis is located at the very bottom of the skin, and is a loose connective tissue storing a large amount of adipose tissue. The hypodermis is absent in the lips, cheeks, and eyelids of the horse.

A Horse’s Skeleton

The horse’s skeleton consists of two parts.The Axial skeleton
The Appendicular skeleton

The axial skeleton of the horse is made up of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs.

The skull is formed of connecting skull bones called the frontal bone, parietal bone, interparietal bone, temporal bone, ethmoid bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, incisive bone, palatine bone, pterygoid bone, mandible, and the maxilla.

The vertebral column of the horse consists of 7 cervical, 18 thoracic, 6 lumbar, 5 sacral, and about 20 caudal vertebrae.

The sternum is formed from the interconnecting of sternebrae. Ribs are connected to the sternum via cartilage.

Two forelimbs and two hindlimbs form the appendicular skeleton of the horse. A horse’s limbs are highly adapted for fast running, and the horse can make long strides via the straightening and lengthening of its limbs.

The skeleton of the forelimbs contain the scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges, and sesamoid bones. The scapula connects the forelimb to the axial skeleton. The humerus connects with the scapula, forming the shoulder joint. The radius and ulna form the antebrachial skeleton. The radius supports the humerus to form the elbow joint. The ulna is fused with the radius, but this fusion is interrupted at an interosseous space.
There are eight carpal bones arranged in two rows, 4 bones per row. The radial carpal bone, the intermediate carpal bone, the ulnar carpal bone, and the accessory carpal bone located in the proximal row from medial to lateral. There are four carpal bones in the distal row arranged from medial to lateral.
There are also 3 metacarpal bones, called metacarpal 2,3 and 4. Metacarpals 1 and 5 have disappeared over time whilst metacarpals 2 and 4 have significantly reduced in size. These are called splint bones. Metacarpal 3 is the prominent metacarpal bone in a horse, and is called the cannon bone. It is well adapted to carry weight.
The horse has three phalanges called the proximal, middle, and distal phalanges. There are two sesamoid bones called the proximal sesamoid bone and the distal sesamoid bone. The distal sesamoid bone is also called the navicular bone.

The skeleton of the pelvic limb/hind limb of a horse contains the pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges, and sesamoid bones. The pelvic girdle connects the hind limb to the axial skeleton.
The pelvic girdle is formed by connecting three bones; the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis. The femur connects with the pelvic girdle, forming the hip joint. The hip joint of the horse is well adapted to weight-bearing. The tibia connects with the femur and forms the knee joint. The fibula articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia.
There are six tarsal bones; the talus, the calcaneus, the central tarsal bone, and the three distal tarsal bones. Metatarsal bones, phalanges, and sesamoid bones are similar to their corresponding bones in the forelimb.

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Education and conservation drive Cornell-zoo partnership

It was spring of 1997. A team of experts from the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine drove north on New York Interstate 81 in a rented truck packed with expensive and unwieldy equipment to see a very special patient — a three-month old Asian elephant named Mali.

Mali was born at the Rosamond Gifford Zoo in Syracuse, New York. While Mali’s birth had gone smoothly, she was born with an umbilical hernia — a defect in the abdominal wall where a loop of intestine bulged dangerously. While these abnormalities can often close on their own, Mali’s had not — increasing her risk of death or complication during future pregnancies. With only 40,000 of her species left, ensuring Mali’s survival was imperative.

Surgery was the only option, but a daunting one. General anesthesia and surgical interventions in elephants came with high mortality rates. At that time, only two other cases of surgical hernia repair had been reported for this species — and both had postoperative complications. What Mali needed was anything but routine.

Fortunately, the zoo staff knew Dr. George Kollias, section head of zoological medicine at the time (now the Jay Hyman Professor Emeritus of Wildlife Medicine) and an expert on elephants. After getting the call for help, Kollias assembled a team: his zoological medicine colleague Dr. Noha Abou-Madi; large animal surgeons Drs. Norm Ducharme and Richard Hackett; and large animal anesthesiologist Dr. Robin Gleed. The group loaded an anesthesia machine, a large animal surgical table, and all necessary medicines and supplies into a rented moving truck to build a makeshift surgical suite at the zoo.

For nearly an hour, the team worked calmly and meticulously on the surgery, while the zoo staff waited, holding their breath.

That high-stakes surgery sparked what has become a 22-year relationship between the Rosamond Gifford Zoo and the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine.

This formal contract, drawn up by Kollias and the zoo, is mutually beneficial, providing world-class care for endangered species while giving veterinarians and students unprecedented access and training on rare species and conditions. It also enabled Cornell to launch a residency program in zoological medicine, which formed a trifecta alongside Cornell’s wildlife health center and exotic pet clinic.

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Studying our Connections with Animals and the Planet

Auckland Zoo’s New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine (NZCCM), was the first of its kind in the world, opened in 2007 by former Prime Minister Helen Clark. Here our veterinary team are able to contribute to crucial global databases through treating zoo animals and native wildlife, as well as undertake research that can both have an astounding impact nationally and globally.

Dr. Pas leads Auckland Zoo’s Veterinary Residency Programme, for qualified veterinarians to gain experience in conservation medicine and take on a research project that contributes to New Zealand native wildlife. This residency is open to New Zealand and Australian residents studying a Doctorate of Veterinary Medical Science at Murdoch University, with a new resident intake every three years.

A residency involves four days a week working as a veterinarian in Auckland Zoo’s Vet Hospital, and one day per week committed to a research project, with the aim of having a published paper post-residency. Past residents have made significant contributions to New Zealand conservation, publishing papers on diseases that affect the critically endangered Archey’s frog; psittacine beak and feather disease in kākāriki; mortality and prognostic indicators for stranded sea turtles; and pharmacological investigations of fungal treatments in tuatara.

Our latest Veterinary Resident, Dr. Stefan Saverimuttu, first studied veterinary medicine at the University of Sydney, before gaining five years’ experience in mixed practice clinics from New South Wales to the Northern Territory. His drive comes from a passion for conservation, science, and a love for animals. Before even leaving high school, Stefan was volunteering as a Zookeeper at Featherdale Wildlife Park which continued through his first degree until he left Sydney. When asked about a remarkable species he’s had the opportunity to work with, in true Aussie fashion, Stefan answers, “saltwater crocodiles”. Besides the exciting logistical challenges they present from a veterinary perspective, Stefan reminds us that as an animal a lot of people don’t have empathy for, they still feel pain and deserve the same opportunity for care.

What Stefan loves about being a zoo veterinarian? He explains there are two answers to that question – the first is being able to contribute to an organisation like Auckland Zoo that does so much for conservation, and on a personal level, he loves being challenged. Being able to contribute to an animal’s welfare, no matter how intricately difficult it is to run a general anaesthetic on a rhinoceros for instance, it’s both something that greatly benefits the rhino, but is also personally delivers a great sense of achievement.

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